ArticlePloS one2015
Exposure to Bovine Leukemia Virus Is Associated with Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 148 citations in OpenAlex.
- Viral Genomic Footprints in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Tissue-Based Detection of Epstein-Barr Virus and Bovine Leukemia Virus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and risk of breast cancer; a systematic review and meta-analysis.Retrovirology · 2024Pooled it
- Bovine leukemia virus relation to human breast cancer: Meta-analysis.Microbial pathogenesis · 2020Pooled it
- Bovine Leukemia Virus as a One Health Challenge in Nutrition, Food Security, and Public Health: A Narrative Review.The Journal of nutrition · 2026Review
- Absence of detectable bovine leukemia virus miRNAs in human cancer small RNA-seq datasets.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Article
- Establishment and Characterization of Human Cell Lines Stably Infected With Bovine Leukemia Virus In Vitro Reveals Apoptosis After Latency and Silencing.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
- The Complexity of Bovine Leukemia Virus Oncogenesis.Viruses · 2025Review
- Can Oncogenic Animal Viruses Pose a Threat to Humans?Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Bovine Leukemia Virus and Human Breast Cancer: A Review of Clinical and Molecular Evidence.Viruses · 2025Review
- Human Cytomegalovirus Infection and Breast Cancer: A Literature Review of Clinical and Experimental Data.Biology · 2025Review
- Cultivated meat microbiological safety considerations and practices.Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2025Review
- Bovine leukemia virus: an emerging concern for zoonotic cross-species transmission.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- The viral origins of breast cancer.Infectious agents and cancer · 2024Review
- The Role of Oncogenic Viruses in the Pathogenesis of Sporadic Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of the Current Literature.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Design and implementation of a TaqManVeterinary research forum : an international quarterly journal · 2024Article
- Targeting Breast Cancer with N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine: Integrating Machine Learning and Cellular Assays for Promising Results.Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry · 2024Article
- Exploring the presence of bovine leukemia virus among breast cancer tumors in a rural state.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2023Article
- Peptide Vaccines as Therapeutic and Prophylactic Agents for Female-Specific Cancers: The Current Landscape.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Prevalence of MMTV-like sequences in breast cancer samples in Romanian patients-there is a geographic difference compared to the Western world.Infectious agents and cancer · 2023Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAge, reproductive history, hormones, genetics, and lifestyle are known risk factors for breast cancer, but the agents that initiate cellular changes from normal to malignant are not understood. We previously detected bovine leukemia virus (BLV), a common oncogenic virus of cattle, in the breast epithelium of humans. The objective of this study was to determine whether the presence of BLV DNA in human mammary epithelium is associated with breast cancer.
methodsThis was a case-control study of archival formalin fixed paraffin embedded breast tissues from 239 donors, received 2002-2008 from the Cooperative Human Tissue Network. Case definition as breast cancer versus normal (women with no history of breast cancer) was established through medical records and examination of tissues by an anatomical pathologist. Breast exposure to BLV was determined by in situ-PCR detection of a biomarker, BLV DNA, localized within mammary epithelium.
resultsThe frequency of BLV DNA in mammary epithelium from women with breast cancer (59%) was significantly higher than in normal controls (29%) (multiply- adjusted odds ratio = 3.07, confidence interval = 1.66-5.69, p = .0004, attributable risk = 37%). In women with premalignant breast changes the frequency of BLV DNA was intermediate (38%) between that of women with breast cancer and normal controls (p for trend < .001).
conclusionsAmong the specimens in this study, the presence of amplified BLV DNA was significantly associated with breast cancer. The odds ratio magnitude was comparable to those of well-established breast cancer risk factors related to reproductive history, hormones, and lifestyle and was exceeded only by risk factors related to genetics (familial breast cancer), high dose ionizing radiation, and age. These findings have the potential for primary and secondary prevention of breast cancer.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.