Trial reportPloS one2015
The Effect of Fixed Orthodontic Appliances and Fluoride Mouthwash on the Oral Microbiome of Adolescents - A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.
Trial report in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The Effectiveness of Topical Fluorides in Preventing Dental Caries in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Oral health & preventive dentistry · 2026Pooled it
- Influence of elastomeric and steel ligatures on periodontal health during fixed appliance orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Progress in orthodontics · 2024Pooled it
- The efficacy of mouthwashes on oral microorganisms and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC oral health · 2023Pooled it
- Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles and chlorhexidine mouthwashes on the colonization of microflora and oral health during orthodontic treatment: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.Dental press journal of orthodontics · 2025Trial
- The Impact of Mouthwash on the Oropharyngeal Microbiota of Men Who Have Sex with Men: a Substudy of the OMEGA Trial.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Trial
- Chronic fatigue syndrome patients have alterations in their oral microbiome composition and function.PloS one · 2018Trial
- Oral mucosal wound healing: A photograph-based prospective study.Journal of periodontology · 2026Article
- Construction of caries risk assessment scale and oral microecology analysis of adolescents with fixed orthodontic treatment.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Fluoride varnish application and the temporal evolution of supragingival microbiota in children with differential caries risk.Journal of oral microbiology · 2026Article
- Microbiological Investigation and Clinical Efficacy of Professional Topical Fluoride Application onMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- The Infant Oral Microbiome: Developmental Dynamics, Modulating Factors, and Implications for Oral and Systemic Health.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The Impact of Orthodontic Adhesives on the Subgingival Microbiota During Early Fixed Appliance Therapy: A Pilot Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Influence of orthodontic appliances and nitrate on the oral microbiota.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Effects of different remineralization agents on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets: in vitro study.Clinical oral investigations · 2025Article
- Non-Thermal Atmospheric Plasma Enhances Biological Effects of Fluoride on Oral Biofilms.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2025Article
- Microbiome variability and role ofJournal of oral microbiology · 2025Article
- Microbial Changes in the Periodontal Environment Due to Orthodontic Appliances: A Review.Cureus · 2024Review
- The Evolving Microbiome of Dental Caries.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Manipulating the diseased oral microbiome: the power of probiotics and prebiotics.Journal of oral microbiology · 2024Review
- Effects of topical fluoride application on oral microbiota in young children with severe dental caries.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
While the aesthetic effect of orthodontic treatment is clear, the knowledge on how it influences the oral microbiota and the consequential effects on oral health are limited. In this randomized controlled clinical trial we investigated the changes introduced in the oral ecosystem, during and after orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances in combination with or without a fluoride mouthwash, of 10-16.8 year old individuals (N = 91). We followed several clinical parameters in time, in combination with microbiome changes using next-generation sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. During the course of our study, the oral microbial community displayed remarkable resilience towards the disturbances it was presented with. The effects of the fluoride mouthwash on the microbial composition were trivial. More pronounced microbial changes were related to gingival health status, orthodontic treatment and time. Periodontal pathogens (e.g. Selenomonas and Porphyromonas) were highest in abundance during the orthodontic treatment, while the health associated Streptococcus, Rothia and Haemophilus gained abundance towards the end and after the orthodontic treatment. Only minor compositional changes remained in the oral microbiome after the end of treatment. We conclude that, provided proper oral hygiene is maintained, changes in the oral microbiome composition resulting from orthodontic treatment are minimal and do not negatively affect oral health.
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