ArticleCancer2015
Emerging tobacco-related cancer risks in China: A nationwide, prospective study of 0.5 million adults.
Article in Cancer, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Genome-wide meta-analysis across East Asian and European populations provides insights into the molecular basis of lung cancer.Genome medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Gastroesophageal disease risk and inhalational exposure a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Pooled it
- Smoking as a risk factor for lung cancer in women and men: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2018Pooled it
- Lobar-level radiomic clustering reveals background lung changes associated with lung cancer risk: a new perspective for early screening.Insights into imaging · 2026Article
- The association between blood-basedLung cancer management · 2025Article
- Incidence trends of different cancers attributable to smoking and alcohol consumption in Liaoning Province, Northeastern China from 2008 to 2019.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Network analysis of smoking-related sleep characteristics in Chinese adults.Annals of medicine · 2024Article
- Reproductive factors and risk of lung cancer among 300,000 Chinese female never-smokers: evidence from the China Kadoorie Biobank study.BMC cancer · 2024Article
- Integrative splicing-quantitative-trait-locus analysis reveals risk loci for non-small-cell lung cancer.American journal of human genetics · 2023Article
- International expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer complicated by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Translational lung cancer research · 2023Review
- Lung cancer risk score for ever and never smokers in China.Cancer communications (London, England) · 2023Article
- The NCC mathematical modeling framework for decision-making of six major cancers.Journal of the National Cancer Center · 2023Article
- Projections of cancer mortality by 2025 in central China: A modeling study of global burden of disease 2019.Heliyon · 2023Article
- An artificial intelligence-assisted diagnostic system for the prediction of benignity and malignancy of pulmonary nodules and its practical value for patients with different clinical characteristics.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Influence of ABO blood group on susceptibility to different pathological types of lung cancer: a retrospective study.World journal of surgical oncology · 2022Article
- Current cancer burden in China: epidemiology, etiology, and prevention.Cancer biology & medicine · 2022Review
- Novel blood-based hypomethylation of SH3BP5 is associated with very early-stage lung adenocarcinoma.Genes & genomics · 2022Article
- Does air pollution contribute to urban-rural disparity in male lung cancer diseases in China?Environmental science and pollution research international · 2022Article
- Cancer Burden in China during 1990-2019: Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease.BioMed research international · 2022Article
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Abstract
backgroundIn China, cigarette consumption has increased substantially since the 1980s, almost exclusively in men. This study was aimed at assessing the emerging cancer risks.
methodsA nationwide, prospective study recruited 210,259 men and 302,632 women aged 30 to 79 years from 10 areas of China from 2004 to 2008; approximately 18,000 incident cancers were recorded during 7 years of follow-up. Cox regression yielded adjusted risk ratios (RRs) comparing smokers (including those who had stopped because of illness but not those who had stopped by choice) with never-smokers.
resultsAmong men, 68% were smokers; their overall cancer risk was significantly increased (RR, 1.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37-1.53), and it was greater in urban (RR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.41-1.70) than in rural areas (RR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.30-1.49). This excess accounted for 23% of all cancers between the ages of 40 and 79 years, with significantly elevated risks of lung cancer (RR, 2.51; 95% CI, 2.18-2.90), liver cancer (RR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.12-1.54), stomach cancer (RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.16-1.55), esophageal cancer (RR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.24-1.73), and an aggregate of 5 other minor sites (RR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.25-1.86). For lung cancer, the RRs were much greater for nonadenocarcinoma (RR, 5.83; 95% CI, 5.02-6.77) than for adenocarcinoma (RR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.36-2.34). Among exsmokers (6.7%) who had stopped by choice, there was little excess cancer risk approximately 15 years after quitting. Among the few female smokers (3%), the overall cancer risk was also significantly increased (RR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.28-1.57). Smoking was estimated to cause approximately 435,000 new cancers per year in China (approximately 360,000 in men and approximately 75,000 in women).
conclusionsIn China, smoking now causes a quarter of all adult male cancers. High male uptake rates before the age of 20 years and nearly universal use of cigarettes foreshadow substantial tobacco-attributed risks in China unless there is widespread cessation.
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