ArticleEuropean journal of nutrition2016
Protein intake in early childhood and cardiometabolic health at school age: the Generation R Study.
Article in European journal of nutrition, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Relationship Between Children's Diet and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Animal and plant protein intake during infancy and childhood DNA methylation: a meta-analysis in the NutriPROGRAM consortium.Epigenetics · 2024Pooled it
- Protein Intake from Birth to 2 Years and Obesity Outcomes in Later Childhood and Adolescence: A Systematic Review of Prospective Cohort Studies.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021Pooled it
- Effects of total fat intake on bodyweight in children.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Effects of total fat intake on bodyweight in children.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Trial
- Macronutrient intake in infancy and cardiometabolic health in preschool children from the EDEN mother-child cohort.European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Protein intake and insulin-like growth factor-1 at 12 months and associations with growth, body composition, and metabolic syndrome at 8 years.Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2025Observational
- The association between total, animal, and plant protein intake and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in overweight and obese children and adolescents.Nutrition journal · 2025Article
- Critical vitamin D and iron intakes in infants aged 6-11 months: results from the nationwide German KiESEL study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Nutrient intakes from complementary foods are associated with cardiometabolic biomarkers among undernourished Peruvian children.Journal of nutritional science · 2023Article
- Diet quality and cardiometabolic health in childhood: the Generation R Study.European journal of nutrition · 2022Article
- Protein intake in children and growth and risk of overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Food & nutrition research · 2022Review
- Observational
- Animal Protein Intake Is Associated with General Adiposity in Adolescents: The Teen Food and Development Study.Nutrients · 2019Article
- Sources and pattern of protein intake and risk of overweight or obesity in young UK twins.The British journal of nutrition · 2018Article
- Greater adherence to the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) dietary pattern is associated with lower blood pressure in healthy Iranian primary school children.European journal of nutrition · 2018Article
- Food and Nutrient Intake and Nutrient Sources in 1-Year-Old Infants in Finland: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.Nutrients · 2017Article
- Protein intake and dietary glycemic load of 4-year-olds and association with adiposity and serum insulin at 7 years of age: sex-nutrient and nutrient-nutrient interactions.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2017Article
- Associations between Dietary Fiber Intake in Infancy and Cardiometabolic Health at School Age: The Generation R Study.Nutrients · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeHigh protein intake in infancy has been linked to obesity. We aimed to examine the associations of protein intake in early childhood with cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes at school age.
methodsThis study was performed in 2965 children participating in a population-based prospective cohort study. Protein intake at 1 year was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire and was adjusted for energy intake. At the children's age of 6 years, we measured their body fat percentage (BF%), blood pressure (BP), and insulin, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride serum levels. These measures were incorporated into a cardiometabolic risk factor score, using age- and sex-specific SD scores.
resultsIn covariate-adjusted models, higher protein intake was associated with a higher BF%, lower diastolic BP, and lower triglyceride levels. We observed a significant interaction of protein intake with child sex on metabolic outcomes. Stratified analyses showed that protein intake was positively associated with BF% [0.07 SD (95 % CI 0.02; 0.13) per 10 g/day] and insulin levels in girls, but not in boys. In boys, but not in girls, higher protein intake was associated with lower triglyceride levels [-0.12 SD (95 % CI -0.20; -0.04) per 10 g/day] and a lower cardiometabolic risk factor score. Protein intake was not consistently associated with systolic BP or HDL cholesterol levels.
conclusionProtein intake in early childhood was associated with a higher BF% and higher insulin levels at 6 years in girls and with lower triglyceride levels in boys. Further studies are needed to explore these sex differences and to investigate whether the observed changes persist into adulthood.
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