ReviewThe Journal of clinical investigation2015
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 and immune checkpoint blockade.
Review in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 99 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
99 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 172 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of adding immune checkpoint inhibitors to standard chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for advanced or recurrent cervical cancer: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Cancer and treatment specific incidence rates of immune-related adverse events induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review.British journal of cancer · 2025Pooled it
- Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 polymorphisms and breast cancer susceptibility: Evidence from a meta-analysis.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2023Pooled it
- The Role of Immunotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis of 2,402 Patients.The oncologist · 2021Pooled it
- Risk of Pneumonitis Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Melanoma: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors in BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a narrative review of evidence and future directions.Translational andrology and urology · 2026Review
- Neoadjuvant immunotherapy in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: current evidence and future perspectives.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- Cancer metastasis: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions.Molecular biomedicine · 2025Review
- The Role of the Tumor Microenvironment (TME) in Advancing Cancer Therapies: Immune System Interactions, Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs), and the Role of Exosomes and Inflammasomes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- CTLA-4 and PD-1 combined blockade therapy for malignant melanoma brain metastases: mechanisms, challenges, and prospects.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Yin-Hua Li-Shi Decoction Alleviated Atopic Dermatitis Through Regulating Th Cells Balance and Restoring Epithelial Barrier.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- Transferrin Disassociates TCR from CD3 Signaling Apparatus to Promote Metastasis.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Article
- Advancing Prostate Cancer Treatment: Innovations and Challenges in Immunotherapy.Cancer treatment and research · 2025Review
- High PD-1 and CTLA-4 expression correlates with host immune suppression in patients and a mouse model infected with Echinococcus multilocularis.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated 4 protein expression is associated with a high international prognostic score in advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma.BMC research notes · 2024Article
- Current and Future Trends of Colorectal Cancer Treatment: Exploring Advances in Immunotherapy.Cancers · 2024Review
- Characterization of natural killer and cytotoxic T-cell immune infiltrates in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.Journal of surgical oncology · 2024Article
- Exploring Costimulatory Blockade-Based Immunologic Strategies in Transplantation: Are They a Promising Immunomodulatory Approach for Organ and Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation?Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Review
39 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The relationship between cancer and the immune system is complex and provides unique therapeutic opportunities. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is a regulatory molecule that suppresses T cell effector function following initial activation by costimulatory signals. Fully human monoclonal antibodies targeting CTLA-4 have been shown to increase T cell function and antitumor responses in patients with advanced metastatic melanoma. Responses observed with such immune checkpoint therapy can follow a different pattern from that seen with cytotoxic chemotherapy or targeted therapy and may continue after therapy is discontinued. In addition, the toxicities that are associated with anti-CTLA-4 therapy may differ from those of conventional therapies and consist of inflammatory events in parts of the body that do not contain cancerous cells. Early recognition of these inflammatory events and intervention is important, and the identification of predictive biomarkers continues to be an unfulfilled need in the field of immunotherapy. Combinatorial approaches with targeted therapies, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or other immune checkpoint agonists/antagonists have the potential to increase the efficacy of CTLA-4 blockade.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.