ArticleBehavior genetics2016
Testing Causal Effects of Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy on Offspring's Externalizing and Internalizing Behavior.
Article in Behavior genetics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The Impact of Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy on Depressive and Anxiety Behaviors in Offspring: A Meta-analysis.Depression and anxiety · 2025Pooled it
- Prenatal tobacco use and the risk of mood disorders in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2020Pooled it
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Investigating the Relationship between Exposures to Chemical and Non-Chemical Stressors during Prenatal Development and Childhood Externalizing Behaviors.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Exploring parental prenatal influences on child health: A multicohort study and data visualisation tool.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- Prenatal smoking and child psychopathology associations by age and sex in the ECHO cohort.Development and psychopathology · 2026Article
- Maternal smoking during pregnancy in relation to adolescent anxiety and poor mental health: A cross-sectional study based on NHANES 2007-2012.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Prenatal Tobacco Exposure and Behavioral Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Pediatric reports · 2024Review
- Multifaceted determinants of social-emotional problems in preschool children in Sweden: An ecological systems theory approach.SSM - population health · 2023Article
- Embryonic Nicotine Exposure Disrupts Adult Social Behavior and Craniofacial Development in Zebrafish.Toxics · 2022Article
- Early-Life Environmental and Child Factors Associated with the Presence of Disruptive Behaviors in Seven-Year-Old Children with Autistic Traits in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2022Article
- Maternal and child genetic liability for smoking and caffeine consumption and child mental health: an intergenerational genetic risk score analysis in the ALSPAC cohort.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2021Article
- Family-Based Designs that Disentangle Inherited Factors from Pre- and Postnatal Environmental Exposures: In Vitro Fertilization, Discordant Sibling Pairs, Maternal versus Paternal Comparisons, and Adoption Designs.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2021Review
- Predicting Complex Traits and Exposures From Polygenic Scores and Blood and Buccal DNA Methylation Profiles.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Article
- The Effect of Smoking during Pregnancy on Severity and Directionality of Externalizing and Internalizing Symptoms: A Genetically Informed Approach.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Article
- Prenatal risk factors for internalizing and externalizing problems in childhood.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2020Review
- Disruptive Behavior in Siblings Discordant for Exposure to Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy: A Multi-rater Approach.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020Article
- Parental Age and Offspring Childhood Mental Health: A Multi-Cohort, Population-Based Investigation.Child development · 2020Article
- DNA Methylation Signatures of Breastfeeding in Buccal Cells Collected in Mid-Childhood.Nutrients · 2019Article
- Association Between rs1051730 and Smoking During Pregnancy in Dutch Women.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy (SDP) is associated with increased risk of externalizing and internalizing behaviors in offspring. Two explanations (not mutually exclusive) for this association are direct causal effects of maternal SDP and the effects of genetic and environmental factors common to parents and offspring which increase smoking as well as problem behaviors. Here, we examined the associations between parental SDP and mother rated offspring externalizing and internalizing behaviors (rated by the Child Behavior Checklist/2-3) at age three in a population-based sample of Dutch twins (N = 15,228 pairs). First, as a greater effect of maternal than of paternal SDP is consistent with a causal effect of maternal SDP, we compared the effects of maternal and paternal SDP. Second, as a beneficial effect of quitting smoking before pregnancy is consistent with the causal effect, we compared the effects of SDP in mothers who quit smoking before pregnancy, and mothers who continued to smoke during pregnancy. All mothers were established smokers before their pregnancy. The results indicated a greater effect of maternal SDP, compared to paternal SDP, for externalizing, aggression, overactive and withdrawn behavior. Quitting smoking was associated with less externalizing, overactive behavior, aggression, and oppositional behavior, but had no effect on internalizing, anxious depression, or withdrawn behavior. We conclude that these results are consistent with a causal, but small, effect of smoking on externalizing problems at age 3. The results do not support a causal effect of maternal SDP on internalizing behaviors.
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Registered trials
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