Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26320059›Full record

ReviewSeminars in oncology2015

Anticancer Cytokines: Biology and Clinical Effects of Interferon-α2, Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-15, IL-21, and IL-12.

Theofanis Floros, Ahmad A Tarhini

Open access · greenAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Seminars in oncology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 123 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
123citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
7.2field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

123 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 225 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. E3611-A Randomized Phase II Study of Ipilimumab at 3 or 10 mg/kg Alone or in Combination with High-Dose Interferon-α2b in Advanced Melanoma.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2019
    Trial
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Review
  6. Review
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Review
  11. Review
  12. Review
  13. From Bench to Bedside: Emerging Paradigms in CAR-T Cell Therapy for Solid Malignancies.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025
    Review
  14. Article
  15. Review
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Review

63 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Theofanis FlorosUniversity of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Athens Naval and Veterans Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA.
Ahmad A TarhiniUniversity of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA. Electronic address: tarhiniaa@upmc.edu.
University of Pittsburgh · USUPMC Hillman Cancer Center · US

Funding

Therapuetic Immune Targeting of EphA2 Expressed by Melanoma & Its Tumor-AssociateP50CA121973 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI KIRKWOOD, JOHN MUNN · 2008 to 2018
$22.9M
NCI NIH HHS P50 CA121973
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Efforts over nearly four decades have focused on ways to use cytokines to manipulate the host immune response towards cancer cell recognition and eradication. Significant advances were achieved with interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-α (IFN-α), primarily in the treatment of patients with melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. However, the utility of other cytokines showing promise in the preclinical setting has not been established largely because of toxicity, the complex functionality of each cytokine and the difficulty mimicking in preclinical models the human environment. Here, we review the basic biology and the clinical experiences with IFN-α, IL-2, IL-15, IL-21, and IL-12. We will also review ongoing clinical trials and discuss future directions including potential use of cytokines in combination with other effective immunotherapy approaches that have come of age in recent years.

Indexed as

AnimalsCytokinesHumansImmunotherapyInterferon-alphaInterleukinsNeoplasmsCytokinesInterferon-alphaInterleukins

Identifiers

PMID26320059
PMCPMC4557618
OpenAlexW1904332237

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.