ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2015
Cross-Immunity and Community Structure of a Multiple-Strain Pathogen in the Tick Vector.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical Features and Outcomes of Pediatric Lyme Arthritis in Europe: A Large Swiss Cohort Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Tick-to-host transmission differs betweenMicrobiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Maximum antigen diversification in a lyme bacterial population and evolutionary strategies to overcome pathogen diversity.The ISME journal · 2022Article
- Competition between strains of Borrelia afzelii in the host tissues and consequences for transmission to ticks.The ISME journal · 2021Article
- Host Specialisation, Immune Cross-Reaction and the Composition of Communities of Co-circulating Borrelia Strains.Bulletin of mathematical biology · 2021Article
- Masting by beech trees predicts the risk of Lyme disease.Parasites & vectors · 2021Article
- Maternal Antibodies Provide Bank Voles with Strain-Specific Protection against Infection by the Lyme Disease Pathogen.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2019Article
- Susceptibility to infection with Borrelia afzelii and TLR2 polymorphism in a wild reservoir host.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Competition Between Strains ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2019Article
- Bacterial microbiota composition ofPeerJ · 2019Article
- Ixodes scapularis does not harbor a stable midgut microbiome.The ISME journal · 2018Article
- Genotyping and Quantifying Lyme Pathogen Strains by Deep Sequencing of the Outer Surface Protein C (Journal of clinical microbiology · 2018Article
- Competition between strains ofProceedings. Biological sciences · 2018Article
- The genetic diversity of Borrelia afzelii is not maintained by the diversity of the rodent hosts.Parasites & vectors · 2018Article
- Infection history of the blood-meal host dictates pathogenic potential of the Lyme disease spirochete within the feeding tick vector.PLoS pathogens · 2018Article
- Ticks infected via co-feeding transmission can transmit Lyme borreliosis to vertebrate hosts.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Fitness estimates from experimental infections predict the long-term strain structure of a vector-borne pathogen in the field.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Multistrain Infections with Lyme Borreliosis Pathogens in the Tick Vector.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2017Article
- Inefficient co-feeding transmission of Borrelia afzelii in two common European songbirds.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Comparison of the lifetime host-to-tick transmission between two strains of the Lyme disease pathogen Borrelia afzelii.Parasites & vectors · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Many vector-borne pathogens consist of multiple strains that circulate in both the vertebrate host and the arthropod vector. Characterization of the community of pathogen strains in the arthropod vector is therefore important for understanding the epidemiology of mixed vector-borne infections. Borrelia afzelii and B. garinii are two species of tick-borne bacteria that cause Lyme disease in humans. These two sympatric pathogens use the same tick, Ixodes ricinus, but are adapted to different classes of vertebrate hosts. Both Borrelia species consist of multiple strains that are classified using the highly polymorphic ospC gene. Vertebrate cross-immunity against the OspC antigen is predicted to structure the community of multiple-strain Borrelia pathogens. Borrelia isolates were cultured from field-collected I. ricinus ticks over a period spanning 11 years. The Borrelia species of each isolate was identified using a reverse line blot (RLB) assay. Deep sequencing was used to characterize the ospC communities of 190 B. afzelii isolates and 193 B. garinii isolates. Infections with multiple ospC strains were common in ticks, but vertebrate cross-immunity did not influence the strain structure in the tick vector. The pattern of genetic variation at the ospC locus suggested that vertebrate cross-immunity exerts strong selection against intermediately divergent ospC alleles. Deep sequencing found that more than 50% of our isolates contained exotic ospC alleles derived from other Borrelia species. Two alternative explanations for these exotic ospC alleles are cryptic coinfections that were not detected by the RLB assay or horizontal transfer of the ospC gene between Borrelia species.
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