ArticleJournal of autism and developmental disorders2016
Sex-Related Cognitive Profile in Autism Spectrum Disorders Diagnosed Late in Life: Implications for the Female Autistic Phenotype.
Article in Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 144 citations in OpenAlex.
- A meta-analytic review of quantification methods for camouflaging behaviors in autistic and neurotypical individuals.Scientific reports · 2025Pooled it
- Is There a Bias Towards Males in the Diagnosis of Autism? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Neuropsychology review · 2025Pooled it
- Who, when, where, and why: A systematic review of "late diagnosis" in autism.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Passing as Non-autistic in Autism Spectrum Disorder.Clinical child and family psychology review · 2021Pooled it
- Social Camouflaging in Females with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2021Pooled it
- Patterns of Nonsocial and Social Cognitive Functioning in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA psychiatry · 2019Pooled it
- Meta-Analysis of Sex Differences in Social and Communication Function in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2019Pooled it
- Self-reported sex differences in high-functioning adults with autism: a meta-analysis.Molecular autism · 2018Pooled it
- Preservation of Higher-Order Cognition in Autistic Females: Evidence from Two Deeply-Phenotyped Cohorts in Hong Kong and the United States.Research square · 2026Article
- Article
- How Autism and Sex Influence Perspective-Taking in Pragmatic Inferences.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Camouflaging and autism: Conceptualisation and methodological issues.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2026Review
- Urban-Rural Differences and Sex-Specific Cognitive Effects on Autism Symptom Trajectories: A Longitudinal Study of Autistic Children in Taiwan.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2026Article
- Article
- The Relationship Between Camouflaging and Lifetime Depression Among Adult Autistic Males and Females.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Comparative Analysis of Autistic Women Across the Lifespan: Childhood vs. Adulthood Diagnosis.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Article
- Metacognition and Cognitive Flexibility in Autistic and Neurotypically-Developing Populations.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Cognitive flexibility in autism: How task predictability and sex influence performances.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Article
- Understanding cognitive flexibility in emotional evaluation in autistic males and females: the social context matters.Molecular autism · 2024Article
- Analyzing Community-Based Support Requests Made by Black Families Raising Autistic Children.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2024Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Females with high-functioning ASD are known to camouflage their autistic symptoms better than their male counterparts, making them prone to being under-ascertained and delayed in diagnostic assessment. Thus far the underlying cognitive processes that enable such successful socio-communicative adaptation are not well understood. The current results show sex-related differences in the cognitive profile of ASD individuals, which were diagnosed late in life exclusively. Higher verbal abilities were found in males (n = 69) as opposed to higher processing speed and better executive functions in females with ASD (n = 38). Since both sexes remained unidentified during childhood and adolescence, these results are suggestive for sex-distinctive cognitive strategies as an alternative to typically-developed reciprocal social behavior and social mimicry in high functioning ASD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.