ArticleNeurocritical care2016
Autoimmune Encephalitis in the ICU: Analysis of Phenotypes, Serologic Findings, and Outcomes.
Article in Neurocritical care, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neutral theory: applicability and neutrality of clinical study endpoints where a disease-specific instrument is available.BMC medical research methodology · 2023Pooled it
- Patient characteristics and outcome associations in AMPA receptor encephalitis.Journal of neurology · 2019Pooled it
- Development and validation of a nomogram to provide individualized predictions of functional outcomes in patients with convulsive status epilepticus at 3 months: The modified END-IT tool.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2023Trial
- Autoimmune Encephalitis in Acute Care-Pathology, Diagnosis, and Management.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Clinical Features and Outcomes in Adult Patients with Autoimmune Encephalitis Requiring Intensive Care: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Neurocritical care · 2026Article
- Machine learning and multi-omics integration identifies immunological predictors and mechanistic insights in autoimmune encephalitis.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Article
- Blood pressure variability and blood pressure rhythm phenotypes in children with severe encephalitis complicated by paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Autoimmune encephalitis.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025Review
- Management of severe acute encephalopathy in the ICU: an expert consensus statement from the french society of intensive care medicine.Annals of intensive care · 2025Review
- Antibody-positive autoimmune encephalitis and paraneoplastic neurological syndrome: A Swedish case series.Brain and behavior · 2024Article
- Characterization and prognosis of autoimmune encephalitis in the neurological intensive care unit: a retrospective study.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2023Article
- Risk Prediction Models for Invasive Mechanical Ventilation in Patients with Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of immunology research · 2023Article
- Comparison of glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoglobulin G-associated myelitis with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-immunoglobulin G-associated myelitis.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Coexistence of multiple anti-neuronal antibodies in autoimmune encephalitis in China: A multi-center study.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Risk Prediction Models for Early ICU Admission in Patients With Autoimmune Encephalitis: Integrating Scale-Based Assessments of the Disease Severity.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Article
- Temporal rank of clinical characteristics and prognosis of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis.Brain and behavior · 2021Article
- Autoimmune encephalitis: proposed best practice recommendations for diagnosis and acute management.Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry · 2021Review
- Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis: A primer for acute care healthcare professionals.Journal of the Intensive Care Society · 2021Article
- Clinical Characteristics and Long-Term Prognosis of Anti-LGI1 Encephalitis: A Single-Center Cohort Study in Beijing, China.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTo report the clinical and laboratory characteristics, clinical courses, and outcomes of Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, ICU-managed autoimmune encephalitis patients (January 1st 2003-December 31st 2012).
methodsBased on medical record review, twenty-five patients were assigned to Group 1 (had ≥1 of classic autoimmune encephalitis-specific IgGs, n = 13) or Group 2 (had ≥3 other characteristics supporting autoimmunity, n = 12).
resultsMedian admission age was 47 years (range 22-88); 17 were women. Initial symptoms included ≥1 of subacute confusion or cognitive decline, 13; seizures, 12; craniocervical pain, 5; and personality change, 4. Thirteen Group 1 patients were seropositive for ≥1 of VGKC-complex-IgG (6; including Lgi1-IgG in 2), NMDA-R-IgG (4), AMPA-R-IgG (1), ANNA-1 (1), Ma1/Ma2 antibody (1), and PCA-1 (1). Twelve Group 2 patients had ≥3 other findings supportive of an autoimmune diagnosis (median 4; range 3-5): ≥1 other antibody type detected, 9; an inflammatory CSF, 8; ≥1 coexisting autoimmune disease, 7; an immunotherapy response, 7; limbic encephalitic MRI changes, 5; a paraneoplastic cause, 4; and diagnostic neuropathological findings, 2. Among 11 patients ICU-managed for ≥4 days, neurological improvements were attributable to corticosteroids (5/7 treated), plasmapheresis (3/7), or rituximab (1/3). At last follow-up, 10 patients had died. Of the remaining 15 patients, 6 (24%) had mild or no disability, 3 (12%) had moderate cognitive problems, and 6 (24%) had dementia (1 was bed bound). Median modified Rankin score at last follow-up was 3 (range 0-6).
conclusionsGood outcomes may occur in ICU-managed autoimmune encephalitis patients. Clinical and testing characteristics are diverse. Comprehensive diagnostics should be pursued to facilitate timely treatment.
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