SynthesisJournal of neurosurgery2016
Association of traumatic brain injury with subsequent neurological and psychiatric disease: a meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Journal of neurosurgery, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06288698 (Analyzing Enrolment and Engagement Trends in Individuals Confronting TBI), which is not on this map. Cited by 219 papers, 14 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Analyzing Enrolment and Engagement Trends in Individuals Confronting TBI: Insights From TBI Clinical Trials
Who cites it
219 citing papers in PubMed, 14 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 425 citations in OpenAlex.
- Specificity of environmental risk factors for schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and depressive disorders - umbrella review.Psychological medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Risk of stroke after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2025Pooled it
- Traumatic brain injury and risk of Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2023Pooled it
- Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Population Attributable Risk of Dementia Associated with Traumatic Brain Injury in Civilians and Veterans.Journal of neurotrauma · 2023Pooled it
- The Relationship Between Cognitive Functioning and Symptoms of Depression, Anxiety, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Adults with a Traumatic Brain Injury: a Meta-Analysis.Neuropsychology review · 2022Pooled it
- Investigating the relationship between mild traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias: a systematic review.Journal of neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Traumatic Brain Injury Is Associated With Both Hemorrhagic Stroke and Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- Stroke risk following traumatic brain injury: Systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society · 2021Pooled it
- A meta-analysis of cohort studies: Traumatic brain injury and risk of Alzheimer's Disease.PloS one · 2021Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses that Evaluate Risk Factors for Dementia to Evaluate the Quantity, Quality, and Global Representativeness of Evidence.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2019Pooled it
- Depression in Somatic Disorders: Is There a Beneficial Effect of Exercise?Frontiers in psychiatry · 2019Pooled it
- Primary prevention of dementia: from modifiable risk factors to a public brain health agenda?Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2018Pooled it
- Is traumatic brain injury a risk factor for neurodegeneration? A meta-analysis of population-based studies.BMC neurology · 2018Pooled it
- Meta-analytic evaluation of the association between head injury and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.European journal of epidemiology · 2017Pooled it
- Reducing burden and anxiety for caregivers of veterans with traumatic brain injury and dementia: Randomized controlled trial of the resources for enhancing all caregivers' health-Hope intervention.Rehabilitation psychology · 2026Trial
- Associations Between Cumulative Head Trauma and Self-Reported Parkinsonism and Parkinson's Disease in Former Soccer Players.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Article
- The effect of psychiatric comorbidities on in-hospital outcomes and mortality following isolated traumatic brain injury: a retrospective cohort analysis study.Journal of trauma and injury · 2026Article
- Long-term risk of dementia following encephalitis: a large-scale retrospective cohort study of electronic health records.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- FcγR- and CD9-dependent synapse-engulfing microglia in the thalamus drive cognitive impairment following cortical brain damage in mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Neurodegenerative decline following a mild traumatic brain injury: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2026Article
159 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveMild traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been proposed as a risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression, and other illnesses. This study's objective was to determine the association of prior mild TBI with the subsequent diagnosis (that is, at least 1 year postinjury) of neurological or psychiatric disease.
methodsAll studies from January 1995 to February 2012 reporting TBI as a risk factor for diagnoses of interest were identified by searching PubMed, study references, and review articles. Reviewers abstracted the data and assessed study designs and characteristics.
resultsFifty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. A random effects meta-analysis revealed a significant association of prior TBI with subsequent neurological and psychiatric diagnoses. The pooled odds ratio (OR) for the development of any illness subsequent to prior TBI was 1.67 (95% CI 1.44-1.93, p < 0.0001). Prior TBI was independently associated with both neurological (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.31-1.83, p < 0.0001) and psychiatric (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.50-2.66, p < 0.0001) outcomes. Analyses of individual diagnoses revealed higher odds of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, mild cognitive impairment, depression, mixed affective disorders, and bipolar disorder in individuals with previous TBI as compared to those without TBI. This association was present when examining only studies of mild TBI and when considering the influence of study design and characteristics. Analysis of a subset of studies demonstrated no evidence that multiple TBIs were associated with higher odds of disease than a single TBI.
conclusionsHistory of TBI, including mild TBI, is associated with the development of neurological and psychiatric illness. This finding indicates that either TBI is a risk factor for heterogeneous pathological processes or that TBI may contribute to a common pathological mechanism.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.