ArticlePsychological medicine2016
The stability and change of etiological influences on depression, anxiety symptoms and their co-occurrence across adolescence and young adulthood.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genome-wide association study of major anxiety disorders in 122,341 European-ancestry cases identifies 58 loci and highlights GABAergic signaling.Nature genetics · 2026Pooled it
- Polygenic Risk and Exposure Severity Predict Trajectories of PTSD: A Prospective Cohort Study.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Heritability of generalized anxiety stability: a longitudinal twin study among young adults.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Research Review: A review of the past decade of family and genomic studies on adolescent mental health.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2025Review
- Risk factor patterns define social anxiety subtypes in adolescents with brain and clinical feature differences.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2025Article
- Longitudinal Associations Between Scripted Attachment Representations in Late Adolescence and Depression in Adulthood in a Normative and a Higher-Risk Cohort.Emerging adulthood (Print) · 2025Article
- Longitudinal network analysis of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder comorbidities among adolescents in regional China.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- The genetic architecture of youth anxiety: a study protocol.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Age-related positivity effect in emotional memory consolidation from middle age to late adulthood.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2024Article
- Association Between Comorbid Anxiety and Depression and Health Risk Behaviors Among Chinese Adolescents: Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2023Article
- Why we need families in genomic research on developmental psychopathology.JCPP advances · 2023Article
- Genetic and environmental contributions to psychopathological symptoms stability and change across the COVID-19 pandemic.Psychiatry research · 2022Article
- Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): III. Emotional dysfunction superspectrum.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2022Article
- Greater baseline connectivity of the salience and negative affect circuits are associated with natural improvements in anxiety over time in untreated participants.Journal of affective disorders · 2021Observational
- Why do depression, conduct, and hyperactivity symptoms co-occur across adolescence? The role of stable and dynamic genetic and environmental influences.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2021Article
- Genetic and environmental risk structure of internalizing psychopathology in youth.Depression and anxiety · 2020Article
- Redefining phenotypes to advance psychiatric genetics: Implications from hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology.Journal of abnormal psychology · 2020Review
- Association of Childhood Social-Emotional Functioning Profiles at School Entry With Early-Onset Mental Health Conditions.JAMA network open · 2019Article
- Internalizing Profiles of Homeless Adults: Investigating Links Between Perceived Ostracism and Need-Threat.Frontiers in psychology · 2019Article
- Extracting stability increases the SNP heritability of emotional problems in young people.Translational psychiatry · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDepression and anxiety persist within and across diagnostic boundaries. The manner in which common v. disorder-specific genetic and environmental influences operate across development to maintain internalizing disorders and their co-morbidity is unclear. This paper investigates the stability and change of etiological influences on depression, panic, generalized, separation and social anxiety symptoms, and their co-occurrence, across adolescence and young adulthood.
methodA total of 2619 twins/siblings prospectively reported symptoms of depression and anxiety at mean ages 15, 17 and 20 years.
resultsEach symptom scale showed a similar pattern of moderate continuity across development, largely underpinned by genetic stability. New genetic influences contributing to change in the developmental course of the symptoms emerged at each time point. All symptom scales correlated moderately with one another over time. Genetic influences, both stable and time-specific, overlapped considerably between the scales. Non-shared environmental influences were largely time- and symptom-specific, but some contributed moderately to the stability of depression and anxiety symptom scales. These stable, longitudinal environmental influences were highly correlated between the symptoms.
conclusionsThe results highlight both stable and dynamic etiology of depression and anxiety symptom scales. They provide preliminary evidence that stable as well as newly emerging genes contribute to the co-morbidity between depression and anxiety across adolescence and young adulthood. Conversely, environmental influences are largely time-specific and contribute to change in symptoms over time. The results inform molecular genetics research and transdiagnostic treatment and prevention approaches.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.