ArticlePloS one2015
Albuminuria Is Associated with Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Viral Load in HIV-Infected Patients in Rural South Africa.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of obesity, hypertension and diabetes among people living with HIV in South Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Pooled it
- Prevalence and burden of chronic kidney disease among the general population and high-risk groups in Africa: a systematic review.BMJ open · 2018Pooled it
- The association between HIV and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2017Pooled it
- The Prevalence and Predictors of Hypertension and Albuminuria in People with HIV (PWHIV)-Real-World Greek Data.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- High prevalence of albuminuria among adult males living with HIV in Botswana.Scientific reports · 2024Observational
- Kidney dysfunction: prevalence and associated risk factors in a community-based study from the North West Province of South Africa.BMC nephrology · 2023Article
- Carotid Atherosclerosis, Microalbuminuria, and Estimated 10-Year Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Sub-Saharan Africa.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Renal Dysfunction among HIV-Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of nephrology · 2020Article
- Hypertension in HIV-Infected Adults: Novel Pathophysiologic Mechanisms.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2018Review
- Prevalence and correlates of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among ART-naive HIV patients in the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria.Medicine · 2018Article
- Renal manifestations of HIV during the antiretroviral era in South Africa: a systematic scoping review.Systematic reviews · 2017Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
contextAs life expectancy improves among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients, renal and cardiovascular diseases are increasingly prevalent in this population. Renal and cardiovascular disease are mutual risk factors and are characterized by albuminuria. Understanding the interactions between HIV, cardiovascular risk factors and renal disease is the first step in tackling this new therapeutic frontier in HIV.
methodsIn a rural primary health care centre, 903 HIV-infected adult patients were randomly selected and data on HIV-infection and cardiovascular risk factors were collected. Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was estimated. Albuminuria was defined as an Albumin-Creatinine-Ratio above 30 mg/g. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyse albuminuria and demographic, clinical and HIV-associated variables.
resultsThe study population consisted of 903 HIV-infected patients, with a median age of 40 years (Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) 34-48 years), and included 625 (69%) women. The median duration since HIV diagnosis was 26 months (IQR 12-58 months) and 787 (87%) received antiretroviral therapy. Thirty-six (4%) of the subjects were shown to have diabetes and 205 (23%) hypertension. In the cohort, 21% had albuminuria and 2% an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73m2. Albuminuria was associated with hypertension (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.59; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-2.41; p<0.05), total cholesterol (aOR 1.31; 95% CI 1.11-1.54; p<0.05), eGFR (aOR 0.98; 95% CI 0.97-0.99; p<0.001) and detectable viral load (aOR 2.74; 95% CI 1.56-4.79; p<0.001). Hypertension was undertreated: 78% were not receiving treatment, while another 11% were inadequately treated. No patients were receiving lipid-lowering medication.
conclusionGlomerular filtration rate was well conserved, while albuminuria was common amongst HIV-infected patients in rural South Africa. Both cardiovascular and HIV-specific variables were associated with albuminuria. Improved cardiovascular risk prevention as well as adequate virus suppression might be the key to escape the vicious circle of renal failure and cardiovascular disease and improve the long-term prognosis of HIV-infected patients.
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