ArticleViruses2015
Oral Application of T4 Phage Induces Weak Antibody Production in the Gut and in the Blood.
Article in Viruses, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 106 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
106 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 183 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Mechanisms and Application of Bacteriophages in Regulating Intestinal Health of Livestock and Poultry.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Review
- Mechanistic insights into phage dynamics to overcome intracellular bacterial reservoirs in urinary tract infections.Npj viruses · 2026Article
- Protecting Newborns from Multidrug-Resistant Infections: The Emerging Role of Bacteriophages.Viruses · 2026Review
- A review on antibiotic and non-antibiotic decolonization strategies of multidrug-resistant bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract.Infection · 2026Review
- Immune Responses to Phage Therapy in Humans: A Review.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Review
- Phage Therapy: Targeting the Gut Microbiota for the Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis.Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Review
- Assessing the impact of phage therapy on growth performance, microbiome and phage specific immune response in chickens.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Filamentous bacteriophages: impact on prokaryotic virulence, eukaryotic immunity, and implications for phage therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Phages as antimicrobials against multi-drug resistant bacteria.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Gut Virome: What's the Role in Irritable Bowel Syndrome?Reviews in medical virology · 2025Review
- A Century of Bacteriophages: Insights, Applications, and Current Utilization.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Phage therapy for antimicrobial-resistant Klebsiella spp. infections: a review of mechanisms, synergies, and clinical potential.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- Reconstructing the Antibiotic Pipeline: Natural Alternatives to Antibacterial Agents.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Beware of host immune responses towards bacteriophages potentially impacting phage therapy.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- Human bladder organoids model urinary tract infection and bacteriophage therapy.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Cytokines Meet Phages: A Revolutionary Pathway to Modulating Immunity and Microbial Balance.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Treatment ofViruses · 2025Article
- Novel strategies for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis biofilm control: bacteriophage (vB_EfaS_ZC1), propolis, and their combined effects in an ex vivo endodontic model.Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials · 2025Article
46 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A specific humoral response to bacteriophages may follow phage application for medical purposes, and it may further determine the success or failure of the approach itself. We present a long-term study of antibody induction in mice by T4 phage applied per os: 100 days of phage treatment followed by 112 days without the phage, and subsequent second application of phage up to day 240. Serum and gut antibodies (IgM, IgG, secretory IgA) were analyzed in relation to microbiological status of the animals. T4 phage applied orally induced anti-phage antibodies when the exposure was long enough (IgG day 36, IgA day 79); the effect was related to high dosage. Termination of phage treatment resulted in a decrease of IgA again to insignificant levels. Second administration of phage induces secretory IgA sooner than that induced by the first administrations. Increased IgA level antagonized gut transit of active phage. Phage resistant E. coli dominated gut flora very late, on day 92. Thus, the immunological response emerges as a major factor determining phage survival in the gut. Phage proteins Hoc and gp12 were identified as highly immunogenic. A low response to exemplary foreign antigens (from Ebola virus) presented on Hoc was observed, which suggests that phage platforms can be used in oral vaccine design.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.