ReviewAngewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)2015
The expanded genetic alphabet.
Review in Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Cell-Free Approach for Non-canonical Amino Acids Incorporation Into Polypeptides.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2020Pooled it
- Structural basis of transcription of the hachimoji eight-letter alphabet by E. coli RNA polymerase.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Hydrophobic unnatural base pair promotes trigger loop closure and catalysis in cellular RNA polymerase independent of hydrogen bonding.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Engineered polymerase-mediated efficient synthesis of site-specifically functionalized RNA and 2'-modified RNA oligonucleotides via genetic alphabet expansion.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Toward Multi(radio)metalated DNA: Enzymatic Polymerization of Metal-Chelate-Modified Deoxyribonucleoside Triphosphates.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026Article
- Stability and Reactivity of Cyclopentane Nucleoside Analogs in 98%Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Stability and Reactivity of Alternative Nucleobases in Concentrated Sulfuric Acid.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Omega Nucleic Acids (ΩNA), Ultimate Nucleic Acids for Future Technology.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Expanded genetic alphabet increases structural and chemical diversity of six-letter DNA for high-affinity protein-targeting aptamers.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Nucleic acid joining enzymes: biological functions and synthetic applications beyond DNA.The Biochemical journal · 2025Review
- Joining Natural and Synthetic DNA Using Biversal Nucleotides: Efficient Sequencing of Six-Nucleotide DNA.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2024Article
- Investigation of the Nonradiative Photoprocesses of Unnatural DNA Base: 7-(2-Thienyl)-imidazo[4,5-The journal of physical chemistry. A · 2024Article
- Reverse transcription as key step in RNARSC chemical biology · 2024Article
- Investigation of dynamical flexibility of D5SIC-DNAM inside DNA duplex in aqueous solution: a systematic classical MD approach.Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP · 2024Article
- Investigation of the stability of D5SIC-DNAM-incorporated DNA duplex inPhysical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP · 2024Article
- DualACS medicinal chemistry letters · 2024Article
- A unified Watson-Crick geometry drives transcription of six-letter expanded DNA alphabets by E. coli RNA polymerase.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Conformational Morphing by a DNA Analogue Featuring 7-Deazapurines and 5-Halogenpyrimidines and the Origins of Adenine-Tract Geometry.Biochemistry · 2023Article
- Review
- Molecular elements: novel approaches for molecular building.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Review
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
All biological information, since the last common ancestor of all life on Earth, has been encoded by a genetic alphabet consisting of only four nucleotides that form two base pairs. Long-standing efforts to develop two synthetic nucleotides that form a third, unnatural base pair (UBP) have recently yielded three promising candidates, one based on alternative hydrogen bonding, and two based on hydrophobic and packing forces. All three of these UBPs are replicated and transcribed with remarkable efficiency and fidelity, and the latter two thus demonstrate that hydrogen bonding is not unique in its ability to underlie the storage and retrieval of genetic information. This Review highlights these recent developments as well as the applications enabled by the UBPs, including the expansion of the evolution process to include new functionality and the creation of semi-synthetic life that stores increased information.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.