ArticleSchizophrenia bulletin2016
Associations Between Maternal Infection During Pregnancy, Childhood Infections, and the Risk of Subsequent Psychotic Disorder--A Swedish Cohort Study of Nearly 2 Million Individuals.
Article in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 117 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sensitivity of the clinical high-risk and familial high-risk approaches for psychotic disorders - a systematic review and meta-analysis.Psychological medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Prenatal exposure to antibiotics and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Maternal Influenza Infection During Pregnancy and Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Offspring.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Cytokines in First-Episode Psychosis: Implications for Pathophysiology: A Narrative Literature Review.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Markers of neuroinflammation in the CSF of patients with difficult to treat psychiatric disease.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Locomotor and endocrine alterations link to metabolic dysfunction induced by pathopharmacological interaction between neurodevelopmental disorders and antipsychotics: evidence from clinical and animal study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- The landscape of pregnancy and prepregnancy cohorts: a scoping review.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Associations between multiple perinatal exposures and risk of childhood hospitalisation with infection: a registry-based study in two countries.European journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Prenatal and early childhood infections requiring hospitalization and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring: a population-based birth cohort study in Taiwan.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Maternal Immune Activation and Child Brain Development: A Longitudinal Population-Based Multimodal Neuroimaging Study.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2025Article
- Contributions of maternal prenatal infection and antibiotic exposure to offspring infection and risk for allergic respiratory conditions through age 5.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- A Systematic Review of Resilience in At-Risk Youth for Psychotic Disorders: An Analysis of Protective and Risk Factors from Recent Literature.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Sensitivity of the familial high-risk approach for the prediction of future psychosis: a total population study.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2024Article
- The chemokine XCL1 functions as a pregnancy hormone to program offspring innate anxiety.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2024Article
- Maternal Influenza and Offspring Neurodevelopment.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Review
- The Association Between Prenatal Infection and Adolescent Behavior: Investigating Multiple Prenatal, Perinatal, and Childhood Second Hits.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2023Article
- Microglial contribution to the pathology of neurodevelopmental disorders in humans.Acta neuropathologica · 2023Review
- Association of Primary Immunodeficiencies in Parents With Psychiatric Disorders and Suicidal Behavior in Their Offspring.JAMA psychiatry · 2023Article
- Schizophrenia Etiological Factors and Their Correlation with the Imbalance of the Immune System: An Update.Galen medical journal · 2023Review
- Environmental Risk Factors and Cognitive Outcomes in Psychosis: Pre-, Perinatal, and Early Life Adversity.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2023Review
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveRecent studies question whether the risk for psychotic disorder associated with prenatal exposure to infection are due to infections per se, or to shared susceptibility of both infections and psychiatric disorders. Moreover, the potential link between prenatal infection and serious infections during childhood, another alleged risk factor for psychotic disorder, remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of maternal infections during pregnancy in context of parental psychiatric disorders and subsequent childhood infections.
methodAll children born in Sweden 1978-1997 were linked to the National Patient Register. Hazard ratios of nonaffective psychosis were estimated in relation to maternal infection during pregnancy and odds ratios of childhood infection were calculated in relation to maternal infection during pregnancy. Relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) estimated biological synergism between parental psychiatric disorder and maternal infection during pregnancy, and between maternal infection during pregnancy and childhood infection.
resultsMaternal infection during pregnancy was not statistically significantly associated with offspring psychosis (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.06, 95% CI 0.88-1.27). However, maternal infection during pregnancy and maternal psychiatric disorders acted synergistically in offspring psychosis development (RERI 1.33, 95% CI 0.27-2.38). Maternal infection during pregnancy increased the risk of offspring childhood infections (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.45-1.54). These 2 factors also interacted in psychosis development (RERI 0.63, 95% CI 0.12-1.14).
conclusionsAmong mothers with a history of psychiatric disease, infection during pregnancy increases the risk of psychosis in offspring. Maternal infections during pregnancy appear to contribute to the risk of childhood infections, which together render the child more vulnerable to psychosis development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.