Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26302759›Full record

ArticleCirculation2015

Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Declines in the United States From 1979 Through 2011: Evidence for Stagnation in Young Adults, Especially Women.

Kobina A Wilmot, Martin O'Flaherty, Simon Capewell, Earl S Ford, Viola Vaccarino

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Circulation, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 283 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
283citing papers in PubMed, 9 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

283 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Cardiovascular outcomes after hysterectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center) · 2026
    Pooled it
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  18. Subtypes of Hypertension 2 to 7 Years After First Pregnancy.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2026
    Observational
  19. Cardiovascular Benefits of Menopause Hormone Treatment is Age-Dependent.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  20. Article

223 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Kobina A WilmotFrom the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (K.A.W., V.V.), Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health (V.V.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Public Health & Policy, Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, UK (M.O., S.C.); and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (E.S.F.).
Martin O'FlahertyFrom the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (K.A.W., V.V.), Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health (V.V.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Public Health & Policy, Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, UK (M.O., S.C.); and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (E.S.F.).
Simon CapewellFrom the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (K.A.W., V.V.), Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health (V.V.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Public Health & Policy, Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, UK (M.O., S.C.); and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (E.S.F.).
Earl S FordFrom the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (K.A.W., V.V.), Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health (V.V.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Public Health & Policy, Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, UK (M.O., S.C.); and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (E.S.F.).
Viola VaccarinoFrom the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (K.A.W., V.V.), Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health (V.V.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Public Health & Policy, Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, UK (M.O., S.C.); and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (E.S.F.). viola.vaccarino@emory.edu.

Funding

Mental Stress and Myocardial Ischemia after MI: Sex Differences, Mechanisms and PrognosisR01HL109413 · NHLBI · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI VACCARINO, VIOLA · 2012 to 2023
$6.9M
Mind-Body Interactions in Cardiovascular DiseaseK24HL077506 · NHLBI · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI VACCARINO, VIOLA · 2004 to 2013
$1.5M
Medical Research Council G0900847NHLBI NIH HHS 2K24 HL077506NHLBI NIH HHS K24 HL077506NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL109413NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL109413-02S1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundCoronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rates have fallen dramatically over the past 4 decades in the Western world. However, recent data from the United States and elsewhere suggest a plateauing of CHD incidence and mortality among young women. We therefore examined recent trends in CHD mortality rates in the United States according to age and sex. METHODS AND

resultsWe analyzed mortality data between 1979 and 2011 for US adults ≥25 years of age. We calculated age-specific CHD mortality rates and compared estimated annual percentage changes during 3 approximate decades of data (1979-1989, 1990-1999, and 2000-2011). We then used Joinpoint regression modeling to assess changes in trends over time on the basis of inflection points of the mortality rates. Adults ≥65 years of age showed consistent mortality declines, which became even steeper after 2000 (women, -5.0%; men, -4.4%). In contrast, young men and women (<55 years of age) initially showed a clear decline in CHD mortality from 1979 until 1989 (estimated annual percentage change, -5.5% in men and -4.6% in women). However, the 2 subsequent decades saw stagnation with minimal improvement. Notably, young women demonstrated no improvements between 1990 and 1999 (estimated annual percentage change, 0.1%) and only -1% estimated annual percentage change since 2000. Joinpoint analyses provided consistent results.

conclusionsThe dramatic decline in CHD mortality since 1979 conceals major heterogeneities. CHD death rates in older groups are now falling steeply. However, young adults have experienced frustratingly small decreases in CHD mortality rates since 1990. The drivers of these major differences in CHD mortality trends by age and sex merit urgent study.

Indexed as

AdultAgedAged, 80 and overAge FactorsCoronary DiseaseFemaleHumansIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesSex FactorsSurvival RateUnited Statescoronary diseaseepidemiologymortalitysex

Identifiers

PMID26302759
PMCPMC4828724

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.