ReviewMediators of inflammation2015
Follicular Helper CD4+ T Cells in Human Neuroautoimmune Diseases and Their Animal Models.
Review in Mediators of inflammation, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global Research Landscape in T Cells and Myasthenia Gravis: Trends, Collaborations, and Future Directions.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Peripheral blood immune inflammatory markers in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Review
- Correlation of GABABrain and behavior · 2024Article
- The imbalance between Bregs, Tfh, and Tregs in patients with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2023Article
- Comparison of follicular T helper cells, monocytes, and T cells priming between newly diagnosed and rituximab-treated MS patients and healthy controls.Research in pharmaceutical sciences · 2022Article
- Ectopic lymphoid follicles in progressive multiple sclerosis: From patients to animal models.Immunology · 2021Review
- The Alteration of Circulating Lymphocyte Subsets During Tacrolimus Therapy in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder and Its Correlation With Clinical Outcomes.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Article
- Association of Circulating T Follicular Helper Cells With Idiopathic Optic Neuritis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Article
- Follicular Helper CD4Mediators of inflammation · 2021Review
- Decreased mRNA Expressions of CD40L in Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2020Article
- Unbalanced Expression of ICOS and PD-1 in Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Perfluorinated substances, risk factors for multiple sclerosis and cellular immune activation.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2019Article
- Advances in autoimmune myasthenia gravis management.Expert review of neurotherapeutics · 2018Review
- The Cerebellum of Patients with Steatohepatitis Shows Lymphocyte Infiltration, Microglial Activation and Loss of Purkinje and Granular Neurons.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Is Characterized by a T Follicular Cell Pro-Inflammatory Shift, Reverted by Dimethyl Fumarate Treatment.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Article
- Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Current Applications and Future Perspectives.Mediators of inflammation · 2018Review
- Diversity of immune cell types in multiple sclerosis and its animal model: Pathological and therapeutic implications.Journal of neuroscience research · 2017Review
- Regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2017Review
- Follicular T Cells from smBFrontiers in immunology · 2017Article
- Double Roles of Macrophages in Human Neuroimmune Diseases and Their Animal Models.Mediators of inflammation · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Follicular helper CD4(+) T (TFH) cells play a fundamental role in humoral immunity deriving from their ability to provide help for germinal center (GC) formation, B cell differentiation into plasma cells and memory cells, and antibody production in secondary lymphoid tissues. TFH cells can be identified by a combination of markers, including the chemokine receptor CXCR5, costimulatory molecules ICOS and PD-1, transcription repressor Bcl-6, and cytokine IL-21. It is difficult and impossible to get access to secondary lymphoid tissues in humans, so studies are usually performed with human peripheral blood samples as circulating counterparts of tissue TFH cells. A balance of TFH cell generation and function is critical for protective antibody response, whereas overactivation of TFH cells or overexpression of TFH-associated molecules may result in autoimmune diseases. Emerging data have shown that TFH cells and TFH-associated molecules may be involved in the pathogenesis of neuroautoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO)/neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), and myasthenia gravis (MG). This review summarizes the features of TFH cells, including their development, function, and roles as well as TFH-associated molecules in neuroautoimmune diseases and their animal models.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.