ArticleEnvironmental research2015
Self-reported sunscreen use and urinary benzophenone-3 concentrations in the United States: NHANES 2003-2006 and 2009-2012.
Article in Environmental research, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prenatal exposure to environmental phenolic compounds and their association with childhood atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis in the ECHO cohort.Environment international · 2025Article
- Adult withdrawal of long-term Benzophenone-3 treatment induces regression of mammary ductal branching in a diet-dependent manner.Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association · 2025Article
- Sunscreen use associated with elevated prevalence of anti-nuclear antibodies in U.S. adults.Journal of autoimmunity · 2024Article
- Associations of urinary biomarkers of phthalates, phenols, parabens, and organophosphate esters with glycemic traits in pregnancy: The Healthy Start Study.Environmental research · 2024Article
- Recent use of consumer and personal care products and exposures to select endocrine disrupting chemicals among urban children with asthma.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2024Article
- Recent developments in sunscreens based on chromophore compounds and nanoparticles.RSC advances · 2024Review
- Relationship between the use of hair products and urine benzophenone-3: the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 4.Annals of occupational and environmental medicine · 2024Article
- Correlates of non-persistent endocrine disrupting chemical mixtures among reproductive-aged Black women in Detroit, Michigan.Chemosphere · 2022Article
- Environmental Phenol and Paraben Exposure Risks and Their Potential Influence on the Gene Expression Involved in the Prognosis of Prostate Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Using Human Biomonitoring Data to Support Risk Assessment of Cosmetic Ingredients-A Case Study of Benzophenone-3.Toxics · 2022Article
- Towards a paradigm shift in environmental health decision-making: a case study of oxybenzone.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2022Review
- Benzophenone-3 and antinuclear antibodies in U.S. adolescents and adults ages 12-39 years.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Association of Maternal-Neonatal Steroids With Early Pregnancy Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Pregnancy Outcomes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2021Article
- The new kids on the block: Emerging obesogens.Advances in pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.) · 2021Review
- Correlates of exposure to phenols, parabens, and triclocarban in the Study of Environment, Lifestyle and Fibroids.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2020Article
- Urinary concentrations of benzophenone-3 and reproductive outcomes among women undergoing infertility treatment with assisted reproductive technologies.The Science of the total environment · 2019Article
- Biomarkers of exposure to SVOCs in children and their demographic associations: The TESIE Study.Environment international · 2018Article
- Re: Seasonal Variation in Exposure to Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSunscreens protect against skin cancer and other harmful effects of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Epidemiologic and public health surveys often rely on self-reported sunscreen use to estimate sun exposure and avoidance, but questions remain about the validity of self-reports. Benzophenone-3 (BP-3), a common sunscreen ingredient, can be detected in the urine. Prior studies suggest that BP-3 concentrations increase after application of sunscreen.
objectivesThe goal of this study was to assess the validity of self-reported frequency of sunscreen use in relation to urinary BP-3 concentrations in a representative sample of the general US population, including in sub-groups defined by age, sex and race/ethnicity.
methodsTo assess the relationship between categorical self-reported sunscreen use and creatinine-corrected urinary BP-3 concentrations, we conducted a linear regression adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, six-month time period, body mass index, education, and sun avoidance behaviors. We tested for effect modification by age, sex, ethnicity and time period of measurement using multiplicative interaction terms and a F test.
resultsBP-3 was positively associated with self-reported frequency of sunscreen use across all ages, sexes, race/ethnicities, and time periods. Crude and multivariate adjusted models were all statistically significant. R-square was relatively low for all models, ranging from 0.15 to 0.43.
conclusionsUrinary BP-3 is positively associated with self-reported frequency of sunscreen use in the general US population, even in groups with overall low sunscreen use. These results suggest that self-report is a valid, although weak, way of assessing relative frequencies of sunscreen usage in a population-based study.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.