ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2015
Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a multi-center case-control study.
Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 73 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
73 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 174 citations in OpenAlex.
- A meta-analysis into the mediatory effects of family planning utilization on complications of pregnancy in women of reproductive age.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Relation of Chlamydia trachomatis infections to ectopic pregnancy: A meta-analysis and systematic review.Medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Reduced Ectopic Pregnancy Rate on Day 5 Embryo Transfer Compared with Day 3: A Meta-Analysis.PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- Successful placental removal guided by MRI-based mapping in advanced abdominal pregnancy: A case report and literature review.Turkish journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2026Article
- Prevalence and risk factors for laparoscopic managed ectopic pregnancies at a tertiary referral hospital - a 10-year synopsis: a cross sectional study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Review
- Prevalence, Clinical Profile, and Outcomes of Ectopic Pregnancy at a Teaching Hospital in a Low-Resource Setting, Northern Ethiopia: A 5-Year Retrospective Chart Review.Journal of pregnancy · 2026Article
- Clinical Profile of Ectopic Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Center: A Five-Year Retrospective Study.JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association · 2026Observational
- The diagnosis and management of extrauterine and uterine ectopic pregnancy.Human reproduction update · 2026Review
- A challenging diagnosis of interstitial ectopic pregnancy confounded by sonographic signs of adenomyosis: a case report.Journal of surgical case reports · 2026Article
- Non-Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI)-Related Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID).Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Ovarian Ectopic Pregnancy, an Unusual Diagnosis-Two Cases With Two Distinct Treatment Approaches.Clinical case reports · 2025Article
- Predictors of Methotrexate Success and Fertility Outcomes in Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Region-specific roles of oviductal motile cilia in oocyte/embryo transport and fertility†.Biology of reproduction · 2025Article
- Construction and Validation of a Clinical Prediction Model for Predicting Tubal Pregnancy Rupture Based on Nomogram.Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of India · 2025Article
- Article
- Determining the Factors Predicting the Success of Medical Management in Patients with Ectopic Pregnancy : Medical management in patients with ectopic pregnancy.Galen medical journal · 2025Article
- Frontier and Inequality Analyses of the Global Burden of Ectopic Pregnancy: Insights from the GBD 2021.International journal of women's health · 2025Article
- Challenging Diagnosis of Late Abdominal Pregnancy: A Case Study of Misdiagnosis and Fetal Death in the Third Trimester.The American journal of case reports · 2024Article
- Diagnostic utility of clinicodemographic, biochemical and metabolite variables to identify viable pregnancies in a symptomatic cohort during early gestation.Scientific reports · 2024Article
13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEctopic pregnancy (EP) is the leading cause of maternal death during the first trimester of pregnancy. A better understanding of EP risk can help prevent its occurrence. We carried out a multi-center, large-sample, case-control study to evaluate the risk factors for EP in Shanghai, China.
methodsWomen who were diagnosed with EP (n = 2411) and women with intrauterine pregnancies (n = 2416) were recruited from five hospitals in Shanghai, China. Information regarding the sociodemographic characteristics; reproductive, gynecological and surgical history; and previous and current use of contraceptives was collected from all participants. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and adjusted for potential confounding factors via multivariate logistic regression analysis.
resultsThe study revealed that the risk of EP was associated with the traditional risk factors including previous EP (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.72, 95% CI: 1.83-4.05), previous Chlamydia trachomatis infection (Adjusted OR = 3.18, 95% CI: 2.64, 3.84), previous infertility (AOR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.66-2.88), previous adnexal surgery (AOR = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.49-2.93), previous appendectomy (AOR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.13-2.37), and previous use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) (AOR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.39-2.13). Additionally, EP risk was increased following the failure of most contraceptives used in the current cycle including IUDs (AOR = 16.43, 95% CI: 10.42-25.89), oral contraceptive pills (AOR = 3.02, 95% CI: 1.16-7.86), levonorgestrel emergency contraception (AOR = 4.75, 95% CI: 3.79-5.96), and female sterilization (AOR = 4 .73, 95% CI: 1.04-21.52). Stratified analysis showed that in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) was the main risk factor for EP in women with tubal infertility (AOR = 8.99, 95% CI: 1.98-40.84), although IVF-ET showed no association with EP in women with non-tubal infertility (AOR = 2.52, 95% CI: 0.14-44.67).
conclusionIn addition to the traditional risk factors, IVF-ET and current IUD use play dominant roles in the occurrence of EP. Attention should be given to women with tubal infertility who have undergone IVE-ET treatment.
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