ArticlePLoS pathogens2015
Arming of MAIT Cell Cytolytic Antimicrobial Activity Is Induced by IL-7 and Defective in HIV-1 Infection.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 146 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
146 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 227 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intraepithelial lymphocytes in human oral diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Opsonization-Enhanced Antigen Presentation by MR1 Activates Rapid Polyfunctional MAIT Cell Responses Acting as an Effector Arm of Humoral Antibacterial Immunity.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2020Trial
- A common transcriptomic program acquired in the thymus defines tissue residency of MAIT and NKT subsets.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2019Trial
- Interleukin-7 restores lymphocytes in septic shock: the IRIS-7 randomized clinical trial.JCI insight · 2018Trial
- Enumeration, functional responses and cytotoxic capacity of MAIT cells in newly diagnosed and relapsed multiple myeloma.Scientific reports · 2018Trial
- Controlled Human Malaria Infection Leads to Long-Lasting Changes in Innate and Innate-like Lymphocyte Populations.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2017Trial
- Human MAITregs possess diverse TCR repertoires and are functionally supported by glycolysis.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- 4-1BB Expression and Signaling Regulates MAIT Cell Activation and Effector Functions.Immunology and cell biology · 2026Article
- Restoration of Mucosa-Associated Invariant T-Cell Function in Healthcare-Associated Bacterial Infections Supports Recovery of Carbapenem Efficacy Against Resistant Bacteria Ex Vivo.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) Proteins Regulate Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) Cell Function.Immunology · 2026Article
- IL-21 Selectively Augments Cytotoxic Potential of Antigen-Activated MAIT Cells.European journal of immunology · 2026Article
- Phenotypic characterization of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in visceral leishmaniasis and HIV co-infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Unconventional guardians of the brain: MAIT cells as emerging players in glioblastoma immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells: Origins, Biological Functions, Diseases, and Therapeutic Targets.MedComm · 2025Review
- MAIT cells exacerbate colonic inflammation in a genetically diverse murine model of spontaneous colitis.Mucosal immunology · 2025Article
- A Germline Heterozygous Dominant Negative IKZF2 Variant Causing Syndromic Primary Immune Regulatory Disorder and ICHAD.Journal of clinical immunology · 2025Article
- Human MAIT cell response profiles biased toward IL-17 or IL-10 are distinct effector states directed by the cytokine milieu.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- MAIT cell homing in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation.Science advances · 2025Review
- The Role of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Viral Infections and Their Function in Vaccine Development.Vaccines · 2025Review
- MAIT cells modulating the oral lichen planus immune microenvironment: a cellular crosstalk perspective.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2025Review
86 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells represent a large innate-like evolutionarily conserved antimicrobial T-cell subset in humans. MAIT cells recognize microbial riboflavin metabolites from a range of microbes presented by MR1 molecules. MAIT cells are impaired in several chronic diseases including HIV-1 infection, where they show signs of exhaustion and decline numerically. Here, we examined the broader effector functions of MAIT cells in this context and strategies to rescue their functions. Residual MAIT cells from HIV-infected patients displayed aberrant baseline levels of cytolytic proteins, and failed to mobilize cytolytic molecules in response to bacterial antigen. In particular, the induction of granzyme B (GrzB) expression was profoundly defective. The functionally impaired MAIT cell population exhibited abnormal T-bet and Eomes expression patterns that correlated with the deficiency in cytotoxic capacity and cytokine production. Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) did not fully restore these aberrations. Interestingly, IL-7 was capable of arming resting MAIT cells from healthy donors into cytotoxic GrzB+ effector T cells capable of killing bacteria-infected cells and producing high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in an MR1-dependent fashion. Furthermore, IL-7 treatment enhanced the sensitivity of MAIT cells to detect low levels of bacteria. In HIV-infected patients, plasma IL-7 levels were positively correlated with MAIT cell numbers and function, and IL-7 treatment in vitro significantly restored MAIT cell effector functions even in the absence of ART. These results indicate that the cytolytic capacity in MAIT cells is severely defective in HIV-1 infected patients, and that the broad-based functional defect in these cells is associated with deficiency in critical transcription factors. Furthermore, IL-7 induces the arming of effector functions and enhances the sensitivity of MAIT cells, and may be considered in immunotherapeutic approaches to restore MAIT cells.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.