Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26295373›Full record

ArticleJournal of medicinal chemistry2015

An Aggregation Advisor for Ligand Discovery.

John J Irwin, Da Duan, Hayarpi Torosyan, Allison K Doak, Kristin T Ziebart, Teague Sterling, Gurgen Tumanian, Brian K Shoichet

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of medicinal chemistry, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 188 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
188citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

188 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Small Molecule Insulin Sensitisers: New Leads and Targets for Next-Generation Insulin Sensitising Strategies.Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents · 2026
    Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
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  6. Review
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  10. Article
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  17. Article
  18. Target Engagement Assays in Early Drug Discovery.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2025
    Review
  19. Article
  20. Article

128 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

John J IrwinDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco , Byers Hall, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, California 94158-2550, United States.
Da DuanDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco , Byers Hall, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, California 94158-2550, United States.
Hayarpi TorosyanDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco , Byers Hall, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, California 94158-2550, United States.
Allison K DoakDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco , Byers Hall, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, California 94158-2550, United States.
Kristin T ZiebartDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco , Byers Hall, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, California 94158-2550, United States.
Teague SterlingDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco , Byers Hall, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, California 94158-2550, United States.
Gurgen TumanianDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco , Byers Hall, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, California 94158-2550, United States.
Brian K ShoichetDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco , Byers Hall, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, California 94158-2550, United States.

Funding

A Specific Mechanism for Non-Specific InhibitionR01GM071630 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO · PI SHOICHET, BRIAN K · 2004 to 2016
$3.6M
NIGMS NIH HHS GM71630NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM071630
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Colloidal aggregation of organic molecules is the dominant mechanism for artifactual inhibition of proteins, and controls against it are widely deployed. Notwithstanding an increasingly detailed understanding of this phenomenon, a method to reliably predict aggregation has remained elusive. Correspondingly, active molecules that act via aggregation continue to be found in early discovery campaigns and remain common in the literature. Over the past decade, over 12 thousand aggregating organic molecules have been identified, potentially enabling a precedent-based approach to match known aggregators with new molecules that may be expected to aggregate and lead to artifacts. We investigate an approach that uses lipophilicity, affinity, and similarity to known aggregators to advise on the likelihood that a candidate compound is an aggregator. In prospective experimental testing, five of seven new molecules with Tanimoto coefficients (Tc's) between 0.95 and 0.99 to known aggregators aggregated at relevant concentrations. Ten of 19 with Tc's between 0.94 and 0.90 and three of seven with Tc's between 0.89 and 0.85 also aggregated. Another three of the predicted compounds aggregated at higher concentrations. This method finds that 61 827 or 5.1% of the ligands acting in the 0.1 to 10 μM range in the medicinal chemistry literature are at least 85% similar to a known aggregator with these physical properties and may aggregate at relevant concentrations. Intriguingly, only 0.73% of all drug-like commercially available compounds resemble the known aggregators, suggesting that colloidal aggregators are enriched in the literature. As a percentage of the literature, aggregator-like compounds have increased 9-fold since 1995, partly reflecting the advent of high-throughput and virtual screens against molecular targets. Emerging from this study is an aggregator advisor database and tool ( http://advisor.bkslab.org ), free to the community, that may help distinguish between fruitful and artifactual screening hits acting by this mechanism.

Indexed as

Bacterial Proteinsbeta-Lactamase Inhibitorsbeta-LactamasesColloidsDatabases, ChemicalDrug DesignDynamic Light ScatteringHydrophobic and Hydrophilic InteractionsLigandsLikelihood FunctionsOrganic ChemicalsSoftwareAmpC beta-lactamasesBacterial Proteinsbeta-Lactamase Inhibitorsbeta-LactamasesColloidsLigandsOrganic Chemicals

Identifiers

PMID26295373
PMCPMC4646424

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.