ReviewJournal of leukocyte biology2015
Parainflammation, chronic inflammation, and age-related macular degeneration.
Review in Journal of leukocyte biology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 230 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
230 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Large-scale analysis of risk factors for developing retinal vein occlusion in the fellow eye.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- Murine models of neovascular AMD revisited: Mechanistic pathways, immune-metabolic crosstalk, and the impact of aging and sex.Experimental eye research · 2026Review
- Multifunctional Catechol-Functionalized Cellulose Hydrogels for the Minimally Invasive Treatment of Acute Optic Nerve Injuries.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Association of Antibiotic Use and New-Onset ICD Coding of Geographic Atrophy.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Single-cell and spatial analyses reveal endothelial-macrophage inflammatory crosstalk in dry age-related macular degeneration.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Intravitreal faricimab pharmacokinetics assessed by PET imaging in a neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration rat model.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Article
- Dual role of microglia in glaucoma: Regulation of neuroinflammation and neuroregeneration.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- The protective role of vitamin C in diabetic retinopathy and TPT1 as a potential therapeutic target.Nutrition & metabolism · 2026Article
- Relationship between monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio and age-related macular degeneration: Findings from a national cross-sectional study.European journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Oxidative stress promotes the progression of age-related macular degeneration by up-regulating Spp1 to activate the JAK/STAT signaling pathway.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- An integrated single-cell and spatial proteotranscriptomics atlas of fibroblast-driven immunoregulation within the human adult oral cavity.Cell press blue · 2026Article
- Review
- Mapping the Hypoxic Fitness Landscape of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Molecular Crosstalk in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Integrating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, microRNAs, and Genetic Susceptibility Toward Precision Therapeutics.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Complement and inflammasome crosstalk in chronic inflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Evaluation of risk promoting effects for age-related macular degeneration by estradiol.PloS one · 2026Article
- Expression of aqueous cytokines and their correlation with retinal morphological biomarkers in nAMD patients.PloS one · 2026Article
- Generation of dual mouse models of retinal degeneration with slow and rapid progression driven by ectopic RIP3 expression.PloS one · 2026Article
- Submacular tissue repair and fibrosis in neovascular macular degeneration: A predictable outcome secondary to a chronic age-related endotheliopathy.Molecular vision · 2026Review
170 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Inflammation is an adaptive response of the immune system to noxious insults to maintain homeostasis and restore functionality. The retina is considered an immune-privileged tissue as a result of its unique anatomic and physiologic properties. During aging, the retina suffers from a low-grade chronic oxidative insult, which sustains for decades and increases in level with advancing age. As a result, the retinal innate-immune system, particularly microglia and the complement system, undergoes low levels of activation (parainflammation). In many cases, this parainflammatory response can maintain homeostasis in the healthy aging eye. However, in patients with age-related macular degeneration, this parainflammatory response becomes dysregulated and contributes to macular damage. Factors contributing to the dysregulation of age-related retinal parainflammation include genetic predisposition, environmental risk factors, and old age. Dysregulated parainflammation (chronic inflammation) in age-related macular degeneration damages the blood retina barrier, resulting in the breach of retinal-immune privilege, leading to the development of retinal lesions. This review discusses the basic principles of retinal innate-immune responses to endogenous chronic insults in normal aging and in age-related macular degeneration and explores the difference between beneficial parainflammation and the detrimental chronic inflammation in the context of age-related macular degeneration.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.