SynthesisJournal of addiction medicine
Age and Cohort Patterns of Medical and Nonmedical Use of Controlled Medication Among Adolescents.
Synthesis in Journal of addiction medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The epidemiology of benzodiazepine misuse: A systematic review.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2019Pooled it
- Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Web-Based Program (POP4Teens) to Prevent Prescription Opioid Misuse Among Adolescents: Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2021Trial
- Emergency department strategies to combat the opioid crisis in children and adolescents.Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open · 2021Review
- Association of New Perioperative Benzodiazepine Use With Persistent Benzodiazepine Use.JAMA network open · 2021Article
- Initiation of nonmedical use of prescription opioids among high school students.Substance abuse · 2021Article
- Guidelines for Opioid Prescribing in Children and Adolescents After Surgery: An Expert Panel Opinion.JAMA surgery · 2021Review
- Forecasting Opioid Use Disorder at 25 Years of Age in 16-Year-Old Adolescents.The Journal of pediatrics · 2020Article
- Prescription opioid misuse among adolescents and emerging adults in the United States: A scoping review.Preventive medicine · 2020Article
- Prescription Drug Misuse: Taking a Lifespan Perspective.Substance abuse : research and treatment · 2020Review
- Exposure to Medicines in the Family Medicine Cabinet: Is It a Harbinger of Later Opioid Dependence?Substance use & misuse · 2020Article
- Web-Based Prescription Opioid Abuse Prevention for Adolescents: Program Development and Formative Evaluation.JMIR formative research · 2019Article
- Power of the Peer and Parent: Gender Differences, Norms, and Nonmedical Prescription Opioid Use Among Adolescents in South Central Kentucky.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2019Article
- Age of onset of substance use in patients with dual diagnosis and its association with clinical characteristics, risk behaviors, course, and outcome: A retrospective study.Indian journal of psychiatry · 2019Article
- Disposal of prescription drugs by parents of middle and high school students.Journal of child & adolescent substance abuse · 2019Article
- Binge-Like Exposure to Ethanol Enhances Morphine's Anti-nociception in B6 Mice.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2018Article
- Developmental course of non-medical use of prescription drugs from adolescence to adulthood in the United States: national longitudinal data.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2016Article
- Peak ages of risk for starting nonmedical use of prescription stimulants.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesWe identified peak annual incidence rates for medical and nonmedical use of prescription opioid analgesics, stimulants, sedatives, and anxiolytics (controlled medication), and explored cohort effects on age of initiation.
methodsData were gathered retrospectively between 2009 and 2012 from Detroit area students (n = 5185). Modal age at the last assessment was 17 years. A meta-analytic approach produced age-, year-, and cohort-specific risk estimates of first-time use of controlled medication. Cox regression models examined cohort patterns in age of initiation for medical and nonmedical use with any of 4 classes of controlled medication (opioid analgesics, stimulants, sedatives, or anxiolytics).
resultsPeak annual incidence rates were observed at age 16 years, when 11.3% started medical use, and 3.4% started using another person's prescription for a controlled medication (ie, engaged in nonmedical use). In the more recent birth cohort group (1996-2000), 82% of medical users and 76% of nonmedical users reported initiating such use by age 12 years. In contrast, in the less recent birth cohort group (1991-1995), 42% of medical users and 35% of nonmedical users initiated such use by age 12 years. Time to initiation was 2.6 times less in the more recent birth cohort group (medical use: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 2.57 [95% confidence interval {CI} = 2.32-2.85]; nonmedical use: aHR = 2.57 [95% CI = 2.17-3.03]).
conclusionsPeak annual incidence rates were observed at age 16 years for medical and nonmedical use. More recent cohorts reported initiating both types of use at younger ages. Earlier interventions may be needed to prevent adolescent nonmedical use of controlled medication.
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