ArticleAmerican journal of physiology. Renal physiology2015
Architecture of the human renal inner medulla and functional implications.
Article in American journal of physiology. Renal physiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Active salt transport and countercurrent exchange as the basis of urine concentration: a proposal grounded on the microanatomy of the renal medulla.Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology · 2026Review
- Permanent defects in renal medullary structure and function after reversal of urinary obstruction.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Article
- Proteomic analysis of murine kidney proximal tubule sub-segment derived cell lines reveals preferences in mitochondrial pathway activity.Journal of proteomics · 2023Article
- Claudin-2 deficiency associates with hypercalciuria in mice and human kidney stone disease.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2020Article
- Expression of SLC4A11 protein in mouse and rat medulla: a candidate transporter involved in outer medullary ammonia recycling.Physiological reports · 2019Article
- Randall's plaque in stone formers originates in ascending thin limbs.American journal of physiology. Renal physiology · 2018Article
- Mammalian urine concentration: a review of renal medullary architecture and membrane transporters.Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology · 2018Review
- Renal vascular pericytes: long overlooked and poorly understood, but clearly important, and what about those regulatory pathways?American journal of physiology. Renal physiology · 2018Article
- Integrin Beta 1 Is Crucial for Urinary Concentrating Ability and Renal Medulla Architecture in Adult Mice.Frontiers in physiology · 2018Article
- Decreased Tissue COX5B Expression and Mitochondrial Dysfunction during Sepsis-Induced Kidney Injury in Rats.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2017Article
- The origins of urinary stone disease: upstream mineral formations initiate downstream Randall's plaque.BJU international · 2017Review
- The Expression of AQP5 and UTs in the Sweat Glands of Uremic Patients.BioMed research international · 2017Article
- MRI tools for assessment of microstructure and nephron function of the kidney.American journal of physiology. Renal physiology · 2016Review
- Urea transport and clinical potential of urearetics.Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension · 2016Review
- Article
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4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
The architecture of the inner stripe of the outer medulla of the human kidney has long been known to exhibit distinctive configurations; however, inner medullary architecture remains poorly defined. Using immunohistochemistry with segment-specific antibodies for membrane fluid and solute transporters and other proteins, we identified a number of distinctive functional features of human inner medulla. In the outer inner medulla, aquaporin-1 (AQP1)-positive long-loop descending thin limbs (DTLs) lie alongside descending and ascending vasa recta (DVR, AVR) within vascular bundles. These vascular bundles are continuations of outer medullary vascular bundles. Bundles containing DTLs and vasa recta lie at the margins of coalescing collecting duct (CD) clusters, thereby forming two regions, the vascular bundle region and the CD cluster region. Although AQP1 and urea transporter UT-B are abundantly expressed in long-loop DTLs and DVR, respectively, their expression declines with depth below the outer medulla. Transcellular water and urea fluxes likely decline in these segments at progressively deeper levels. Smooth muscle myosin heavy chain protein is also expressed in DVR of the inner stripe and the upper inner medulla, but is sparsely expressed at deeper inner medullary levels. In rodent inner medulla, fenestrated capillaries abut CDs along their entire length, paralleling ascending thin limbs (ATLs), forming distinct compartments (interstitial nodal spaces; INSs); however, in humans this architecture rarely occurs. Thus INSs are relatively infrequent in the human inner medulla, unlike in the rodent where they are abundant. UT-B is expressed within the papillary epithelium of the lower inner medulla, indicating a transcellular pathway for urea across this epithelium.
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