ReviewAmerican journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology2015
PPG neurons of the lower brain stem and their role in brain GLP-1 receptor activation.
Review in American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gastrointestinal adverse effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists: A narrative expert review of approved therapies, oral formulations, and pipeline agents.Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2026Review
- Distinct brain regions mediate regulation of food intake in response to GIPR agonism or antagonism.Nature metabolism · 2026Article
- Inhibitory Effects of Oxytocin on Jejunal Migrating Myoelectric Complex Activity in Fasted Rats: Role of Oxytocin and GLP-1 Receptors.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on sympathetic neuron activity.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- Glucagon-like Peptide-1 and Dual GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Brain: Exploring the Expanding Role and Safety in Neuropsychiatry.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Atlas of GLP-1 expression in the mouse brain: Neuroanatomical basis for metabolic and psychiatric effects.Brain medicine : from neurons to behavior and better health · 2026Article
- Acupuncture ameliorates diet-induced obesity via the vagal-GLP-1-ARC circuit: neural mechanism of anorexigenic action.Chinese medicine · 2026Article
- GLP-1 agonist liraglutide decreases operant methamphetamine intake in rats under conditions of short- but not extended-access to the drug.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- GLP-1 and GIP class drugs have neuroprotective properties in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Narrative Review.Gastro hep advances · 2026Review
- Gut-Brain Axis and Bile Acid Signaling: Linking Microbial Metabolism to Brain Function and Metabolic Regulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The expanding role of semaglutide: beyond glycemic control.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Review
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Research to Treat Overeating and Substance Use Disorders.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Review
- Brain-Derived GLP-1-Understanding the Physiological Function and Anti-obesity Potential of Preproglucagon Neurons.Endocrinology · 2025Review
- Characterization of NTS-to-VTA projection neurons reveals higher-order synaptic organization and distinct responsiveness to cholecystokinin.The Journal of physiology · 2025Article
- The Risk of Vestibular Disorders with Semaglutide and Tirzepatide: Findings from a Large Real-World Cohort.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Links Ingestion, Homeostasis, and the Heart.Comprehensive Physiology · 2025Review
- Neural circuits regulation of satiation.Appetite · 2024Review
- A neuronal circuit driven by GLP-1 in the olfactory bulb regulates insulin secretion.Nature communications · 2024Article
- All GLP-1 Agonists Should, Theoretically, Cure Alzheimer's Dementia but Dulaglutide Might Be More Effective Than the Others.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Within the brain, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) affects central autonomic neurons, including those controlling the cardiovascular system, thermogenesis, and energy balance. Additionally, GLP-1 influences the mesolimbic reward system to modulate the rewarding properties of palatable food. GLP-1 is produced in the gut and by hindbrain preproglucagon (PPG) neurons, located mainly in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and medullary intermediate reticular nucleus. Transgenic mice expressing glucagon promoter-driven yellow fluorescent protein revealed that PPG neurons not only project to central autonomic control regions and mesolimbic reward centers, but also strongly innervate spinal autonomic neurons. Therefore, these brain stem PPG neurons could directly modulate sympathetic outflow through their spinal inputs to sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Electrical recordings from PPG neurons in vitro have revealed that they receive synaptic inputs from vagal afferents entering via the solitary tract. Vagal afferents convey satiation to the brain from signals like postprandial gastric distention or activation of peripheral GLP-1 receptors. CCK and leptin, short- and long-term satiety peptides, respectively, increased the electrical activity of PPG neurons, while ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide, had no effect. These findings indicate that satiation is a main driver of PPG neuronal activation. They also show that PPG neurons are in a prime position to respond to both immediate and long-term indicators of energy and feeding status, enabling regulation of both energy balance and general autonomic homeostasis. This review discusses the question of whether PPG neurons, rather than gut-derived GLP-1, are providing the physiological substrate for the effects elicited by central nervous system GLP-1 receptor activation.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.