ReviewPsychopharmacology2015
Treatment-resistant depression: are animal models of depression fit for purpose?
Review in Psychopharmacology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Recovering from depression with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies.Translational psychiatry · 2020Pooled it
- AMPA receptor modulation in depression: from molecular mechanisms of plasticity to therapeutic translation.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2026Review
- Transcriptional profiles of antidepressant resistance across the corticolimbic pathway of chronically stressed mice.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Neuroimaging insights from Wistar-Kyoto rats under chronic mild stress: morphological and metabolic brain correlates of treatment-resistant depression.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Efficacy of Venlafaxine and Deep Brain Stimulation Against the Effects of Hippocampal Lesion with Ibotenic Acid in Animals Exposed to the Chronic Mild Stress Model of Depression.Current neuropharmacology · 2026Article
- Response of iPSC-derived neurons from individuals with treatment-resistant depression to (2 R,6 R)-hydroxynorketamine and reelin: an exploratory study.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Lost in translation: toward clinically effective translational research.Translational psychiatry · 2025Review
- An Increase of Adropin Can Predict Depression Improvement.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Trends in research on novel antidepressant treatments.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- The impact of adult neurogenesis on affective functions: of mice and men.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Review
- Validation of Wistar-Kyoto rats kept in solitary housing as an animal model for depression using voxel-based morphometry.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- cAMP-dependent protein kinase signaling is required for (Journal of neurophysiology · 2024Article
- Impact of Stress on Brain Morphology: Insights into Structural Biomarkers of Stress-related Disorders.Current neuropharmacology · 2024Review
- Resilience and Vulnerability to Stress-Induced Anhedonia: Unveiling Brain Gene Expression and Mitochondrial Dynamics in a Mouse Chronic Stress Depression Model.Biomolecules · 2023Article
- Social isolation leads to mild social recognition impairment and losses in brain cellularity.Brain structure & function · 2023Article
- Article
- Inflammation, stress and depression: An exploration of ketamine's therapeutic profile.Drug discovery today · 2023Review
- Bio-behavioural changes in treatment-resistant socially isolated FSL rats show variable or improved response to combined fluoxetine-olanzapine versus olanzapine treatment.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2022Article
- Nicotinic receptors promote susceptibility to social stress in female mice linked with neuroadaptations within VTA dopamine neurons.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2022Article
- Zinc Deficiency Blunts the Effectiveness of Antidepressants in the Olfactory Bulbectomy Model of Depression in Rats.Nutrients · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundResistance to antidepressant drug treatment remains a major health problem. Animal models of depression are efficient in detecting effective treatments but have done little to increase the reach of antidepressant drugs. This may be because most animal models of depression target the reversal of stress-induced behavioural change, whereas treatment-resistant depression is typically associated with risk factors that predispose to the precipitation of depressive episodes by relatively low levels of stress. Therefore, the search for treatments for resistant depression may require models that incorporate predisposing factors leading to heightened stress responsiveness.
methodUsing a diathesis-stress framework, we review developmental, genetic and genomic models against four criteria: (i) increased sensitivity to stress precipitation of a depressive behavioural phenotype, (ii) resistance to chronic treatment with conventional antidepressants, (iii) a good response to novel modes of antidepressant treatment (e.g. ketamine; deep brain stimulation) that are reported to be effective in treatment-resistant depression and (iv) a parallel to a known clinical risk factor.
resultsWe identify 18 models that may have some potential. All require further validation. Currently, the most promising are the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and congenital learned helplessness (cLH) rat strains, the high anxiety behaviour (HAB) mouse strain and the CB1 receptor knockout and OCT2 null mutant mouse strains.
conclusionFurther development is needed to validate models of antidepressant resistance that are fit for purpose. The criteria used in this review may provide a helpful framework to guide research in this area.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.