Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26286236›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2015

Vervets revisited: A quantitative analysis of alarm call structure and context specificity.

Tabitha Price, Philip Wadewitz, Dorothy Cheney, Robert Seyfarth, Kurt Hammerschmidt, Julia Fischer

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
45citing papers in PubMed
11.0field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

45 citing papers in PubMed, 207 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Language-like properties in the vocal behavior of animals.Current opinion in neurobiology · 2026
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  3. The As and Bs of titi monkey linguistics: why emotional communication is not the enemy.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2026
    Review
  4. Assessing flexibility in meaning and context in non-human communication.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2025
    Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
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  8. Emotion in Nonverbal Communication: Comparing Animal and Human Vocalizations and Human Text Messages.Emotion review : journal of the International Society for Research on Emotion · 2025
    Article
  9. Article
  10. Loud Call Production in Male Vervet Monkeys (International journal of primatology · 2025
    Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. From emotional signals to symbols.Frontiers in psychology · 2024
    Article
  14. Article
  15. Communication for collaborative computation: two major transitions in human evolution.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023
    Review
  16. Review
  17. Animal linguistics: a primer.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2023
    Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Tabitha Price1] Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany [2] Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystem Research Unit, UNISA, South Africa.
Philip Wadewitz1] Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany [2] Theoretical Neurophysics, MPI for Dynamics and Self-Organisation, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
Dorothy CheneyDepartment of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
Robert SeyfarthDepartment of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
Kurt HammerschmidtCognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
Julia FischerCognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
German Primate Center · DEUniversity of Pennsylvania · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The alarm calls of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) constitute the classic textbook example of semantic communication in nonhuman animals, as vervet monkeys give acoustically distinct calls to different predators and these calls elicit appropriate responses in conspecifics. They also give similar sounding calls in aggressive contexts, however. Despite the central role the vervet alarm calls have played for understanding the evolution of communication, a comprehensive, quantitative analysis of the acoustic structure of these calls was lacking. We used 2-step cluster analysis to identify objective call types and discriminant function analysis to assess context specificity. Alarm calls given in response to leopards, eagles, and snakes could be well distinguished, while the inclusion of calls given in aggressive contexts yielded some overlap, specifically between female calls given to snakes, eagles and during aggression, as well as between male vervet barks (additionally recorded in South Africa) in leopard and aggressive contexts. We suggest that both cognitive appraisal of the situation and internal state contribute to the variation in call usage and structure. While the semantic properties of vervet alarm calls bear little resemblance to human words, the existing acoustic variation, possibly together with additional contextual information, allows listeners to select appropriate responses.

Indexed as

AggressionAnimalsChlorocebus aethiopsCluster AnalysisFemaleMaleVocalization, Animal

Identifiers

PMID26286236
PMCPMC4541072
OpenAlexW1124140798

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.