ArticleThe American journal on addictions2015
Factors associated with illicit methadone injecting in a Canadian setting.
Article in The American journal on addictions, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Health harms of non-medical prescription opioid use: A systematic review.Drug and alcohol review · 2022Pooled it
- Social determinants of ethno-racial inequalities in substance use: a decomposition of national survey data.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2022Article
- Factors associated with health-related cannabis use intentions among a community sample of people who inject drugs in Los Angeles and San Francisco, CA 2016 to 2018.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021Article
- Characteristics Associated with Nonmedical Methadone Use among People Who Inject Drugs in California.Substance use & misuse · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesWhile methadone is well established as an evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorder, safety concerns persist regarding its diversion. The authors examine the prevalence of and risk factors associated with injection of methadone in an urban population.
methodsBetween December 2005 and November 2013, data were derived from two open prospective studies of persons who inject drugs (PWID) in Vancouver, Canada. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) logistic regression was used to determine factors independently associated with illicit methadone injecting.
resultsDuring the study, 1911 individuals (34% women) were recruited; 134 (7%) participants reported methadone injecting at least once. In multivariable analysis, Caucasian ethnicity [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.20-3.00]; homelessness (AOR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.09-1.95); drug dealing (AOR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.50-2.93); ≥daily heroin injection (AOR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.08-2.26); ≥daily crack smoking (AOR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.44-2.95); being a victim of violence (AOR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.04-2.12); and non-fatal overdose (AOR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.67 (1.00-2.79) were independently and positively associated with methadone injection; female gender (AOR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.30-0.75) was negatively associated. DISCUSSION AND
conclusionsThe diversion of methadone for illicit injection in this urban setting was associated with several markers of addiction severity and other health and social vulnerabilities. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: These findings underscore the need to ensure methadone accessibility while limiting diversion-related risk.
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Registered trials
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