ReviewAnesthesiology2015
Clinical Electroencephalography for Anesthesiologists: Part I: Background and Basic Signatures.
Review in Anesthesiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 19 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 380 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Cognitive Outcomes and Neuroimages Associated With Anesthesia-Related EEG Signatures
Correlate of Surface Electroencephalogram (EEG) With Implanted EEG Recordings (ECOG)
Perioperative Multimodal General Anesthesia Focusing on Specific CNS Targets in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgeries
EEG-based Depth of Anesthesia-monitoring During General Anesthesia - Effects on Time to Wake-up and Post-operative Cognition
Effects of Propofol Titration at Different Speeds on Hemodynamics and Stress During General Anesthesia Induction
Study of the Association Between Burst Suppression During Anesthetic Induction With Propofol in Cardiac Surgery in Patients Over 65 Years of Age With Postoperative Delirium
Study of an Intraoperative Frontal Electroencephalographic Marker of Preoperative Frailty in Patients Over 65 Years of Age for Elective Non-cardiac Surgery.
SedLine EEG-Guided Depth of Anesthesia: Effect of Anesthetic Dosage
The Values of Electroencephalography (EEG) Alterations of Uterine Contractions in the First Stage of Labor Predicting Postpartum Depression: a Prospective Cohort Study
EEG to Monitor Propofol Anesthetic Depth in Infants and Toddlers
Development of a Pharmacodynamic Model for Propofol in Older Adults (Development phaRmacodynamic mOdel Propofol oLdEr adulTs: DROPLET)
The Impact of Electroencephalogram (EEG) - Guided Inhalational Anesthetic Control on the Occurrence of EEG Discontinuity in Infants: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial
Electroencephalogram Characteristics of Surgical Anesthetized Patients and Their Correlation With Postoperative Delirium
Sistema de monitorización multiparámetros Para sedación de Pacientes críticos en UCI (ROMANTIC: multipaRameter mOnitoring systeM for sedAtion iNThe ICu)
Geriatrik Hasta Grubunda Anestezi Derinliği Monitörizasyonlarının Postoperatif Derlenme ve Bilişsel Fonksiyonlara Etkileri
Comparison of Postoperative Morphine Requirements Between an Opioid-Based and an Opioid-Free Anesthesia Technique in Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery
Effects of Non-pharmacological Auditory and Somatosensory Stimulation on the Efficiency and Quality of Emergence From General Anesthesia
CoreSys Monitoring for Intraoperative Stress Management in Abdominal Hysterectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Observational Analysis of the Transition From Inhalational Anesthesia to Total Intravenous Anesthesia Guided by Bispectral Index and the Eleveld Model in Pediatric Patients
Who cites it
380 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- EEG-guided sevoflurane anesthesia vs. standard care in pediatric emergence delirium: a grade-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis.Journal of anesthesia · 2026Pooled it
- Recommendation for the practice of total intravenous anesthesia.Journal of anesthesia · 2024Guideline
- Changes in the Term Neonatal Electroencephalogram with General Anesthesia: A Systematic Review with Narrative Synthesis.Anesthesiology · 2024Pooled it
- The cellular mechanisms associated with the anesthetic and neuroprotective properties of xenon: a systematic review of the preclinical literature.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- Bispectral index during remimazolam versus propofol sedation at matched depths: a randomized, double-blind crossover trial in healthy volunteers.Annals of medicine · 2026Trial
- The Association of Preoperative Cognitive Dysfunction to Common Intraoperative Electroencephalographic Parameters and Cerebral Hypoxia During Cardiac Surgery.Anesthesia and analgesia · 2026Trial
- Dexmedetomidine-Ketamine-Based Multimodal General Anesthesia with Electroencephalographic Spectrogram-Guided Titration Improves Early Recovery After Lumbar Spine Fusion in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Trial
- The Influence of Electroencephalographic Density Spectral Array Guidance of Sevoflurane Administration on Recovery From General Anesthesia in Children. A Randomized Controlled Trial.Paediatric anaesthesia · 2025Trial
- Co-administration of dexmedetomidine with total intravenous anaesthesia in carotid endarterectomy reduces requirements for propofol and improves haemodynamic stability: A single-centre, prospective, randomised controlled trial.European journal of anaesthesiology · 2025Trial
- Anesthesia-induced electroencephalogram oscillations and perioperative outcomes in older adults undergoing cardiac surgery.Journal of clinical anesthesia · 2025Trial
- Effects of Dexmedetomidine on Postoperative Quality of Recovery and Electroencephalogram in Elderly Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Drug design, development and therapy · 2025Trial
- Feasibility of Closed-Loop TCI Based on New EEG Baseline in the Presence of Low Dose of Esketamine: A Randomized Controlled Equivalence Trial.Drug design, development and therapy · 2025Trial
- Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic Modelling of NH600001 in Healthy Subjects and Patients Undergoing Gastroscopy.The AAPS journal · 2024Trial
- The effect of low-dose ketamine on electroencephalographic spectrum during gynecology surgery under desflurane anesthesia.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2024Trial
- Intranasal Dexmedetomidine for the Management of Preoperative Anxiety-Related Insomnia: A Randomized, Three-Blinded, Clinical Trial Compared with Lorazepam and Placebo.Drug design, development and therapy · 2024Trial
- Effects of intra-operative administration of subanesthetic s-ketamine on emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study.BMC anesthesiology · 2023Trial
- Respiratory Support With Nasal High Flow Reduces Opioid Requirements During Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography.DEN open · 2027Article
- Beyond processed depth targets: frontal EEG patterns, brain vulnerability, and postoperative delirium in older adults.Journal of clinical monitoring and computing · 2026Review
- Study on EEG neural oscillation characteristics during ciprofol general anesthesia.Journal of anesthesia · 2026Observational
- Electroencephalographic Aspects in a Sheep with Coenurosis.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
320 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The widely used electroencephalogram-based indices for depth-of-anesthesia monitoring assume that the same index value defines the same level of unconsciousness for all anesthetics. In contrast, we show that different anesthetics act at different molecular targets and neural circuits to produce distinct brain states that are readily visible in the electroencephalogram. We present a two-part review to educate anesthesiologists on use of the unprocessed electroencephalogram and its spectrogram to track the brain states of patients receiving anesthesia care. Here in part I, we review the biophysics of the electroencephalogram and the neurophysiology of the electroencephalogram signatures of three intravenous anesthetics: propofol, dexmedetomidine, and ketamine, and four inhaled anesthetics: sevoflurane, isoflurane, desflurane, and nitrous oxide. Later in part II, we discuss patient management using these electroencephalogram signatures. Use of these electroencephalogram signatures suggests a neurophysiologically based paradigm for brain state monitoring of patients receiving anesthesia care.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.