Firearm Prevalence and Homicides of Law Enforcement Officers in the United States.

David I Swedler, Molly M Simmons, Francesca Dominici, David Hemenway

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in American journal of public health, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

12citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

12 citing papers in PubMed.

Cross-State Relationship of Firearm Violence Between Police and Civilians: Gun Ownership as a Common Denominator.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2024
Article
Fallacy of attributing the U.S. firearm mortality epidemic to mental health.PloS one · 2024
Article
Firearm availability and police shootings of citizens: a city level analysis of fatal and injurious shootings in California and Florida.Injury epidemiology · 2023
Article
Firearm assaults against US law enforcement officers in the line-of-duty: Associations with firearm ownership and state firearm laws.Preventive medicine reports · 2022
Article
Gun victimization in the line of duty: Fatal and nonfatal firearm assaults on police officers in the United States, 2014-2019.Criminology & public policy · 2020
Article
Variation in Rates of Fatal Police Shootings across US States: the Role of Firearm Availability.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2019
Article
Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma firearm injury prevention statement.Trauma surgery & acute care open · 2019
Article
Firearm Legislation and Fatal Police Shootings in the United States.American journal of public health · 2017
Article
The Link Between Mental Illness and Firearm Violence: Implications for Social Policy and Clinical Practice.Annual review of clinical psychology · 2017
Review
Lead exposure at firing ranges-a review.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2017
Review
Assaults against U.S. law enforcement officers in the line-of-duty: situational context and predictors of lethality.Injury epidemiology · 2016
Article
LETHAL MEANS ACCESS AND ASSESSMENT AMONG SUICIDAL EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT PATIENTS.Depression and anxiety · 2016
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

David I SwedlerAt the time of this study, David I. Swedler was with Environmental Health Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, and Center for Injury Epidemiology, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, Hopkinton, MA. Molly M. Simmons is with the Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Francesca Dominici is with the Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health. David Hemenway is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health.

Molly M SimmonsAt the time of this study, David I. Swedler was with Environmental Health Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, and Center for Injury Epidemiology, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, Hopkinton, MA. Molly M. Simmons is with the Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Francesca Dominici is with the Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health. David Hemenway is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health.

Francesca DominiciAt the time of this study, David I. Swedler was with Environmental Health Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, and Center for Injury Epidemiology, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, Hopkinton, MA. Molly M. Simmons is with the Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Francesca Dominici is with the Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health. David Hemenway is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health.

David HemenwayAt the time of this study, David I. Swedler was with Environmental Health Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, and Center for Injury Epidemiology, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, Hopkinton, MA. Molly M. Simmons is with the Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Francesca Dominici is with the Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health. David Hemenway is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesIn the United States, state firearm ownership has been correlated with homicide rates. More than 90% of homicides of law enforcement officers (LEOs) are committed with firearms. We examined the relationship between state firearm ownership rates and LEO occupational homicide rates.

methodsWe obtained the number LEOs killed from 1996 to 2010 from a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) database. We calculated homicide rates per state as the number of officers killed per number of LEOs per state, obtained from another FBI database. We obtained the mean household firearm ownership for each state from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

resultsUsing Poisson regression and controlling for factors known to affect homicide rates, we associated firearm ownership with the homicide rates for LEOs (incidence rate ratio = 1.044; P = .005); our results were supported by cross-sectional and longitudinal sensitivity analyses. LEO homicide rates were 3 times higher in states with high firearm ownership compared with states with low firearm ownership.

conclusionsHigh public gun ownership is a risk for occupational mortality for LEOs in the United States. States could consider methods for reducing firearm ownership as a way to reduce occupational deaths of LEOs.

Indexed as

FirearmsLaw EnforcementAdultBehavioral Risk Factor Surveillance SystemFemaleHomicideHumansMaleOwnershipPrevalenceUnited StatesWounds, Gunshot

Identifiers

PMID26270316

DOI10.2105/AJPH.2015.302749

PMCPMC4566543

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.