ArticleJournal of the Royal Society, Interface2015
How body torque and Strouhal number change with swimming speed and developmental stage in larval zebrafish.
Article in Journal of the Royal Society, Interface, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- Predicting axial muscle-fibre strains in larval zebrafish.The Journal of experimental biology · 2026Article
- Fish-diversity-inspired multiple soft millirobot system with morphology-encoded selective control.Science advances · 2026Article
- Energy efficiency and neural control of continuous versus intermittent swimming in a fishlike robot.Science robotics · 2026Article
- Axial muscle-fibre orientation in developing larval zebrafish.The Journal of experimental biology · 2026Article
- Beyond locomotion: How specialized motor patterns enable a vertebrate to struggle free from capture.iScience · 2025Article
- Axial muscle-fibre orientations in larval zebrafish.Journal of anatomy · 2025Article
- Article
- Undulatory Propulsion at Milliscale on Water Surface.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Optimizing assays of zebrafish larvae swimming performance for drug discovery.Expert opinion on drug discovery · 2023Review
- Fishes regulate tail-beat kinematics to minimize speed-specific cost of transport.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2021Article
- Effect of body stiffness distribution on larval fish-like efficient undulatory swimming.Science advances · 2021Article
- Article
- Undulatory Swimming Performance Explored With a Biorobotic Fish and Measured by Soft Sensors and Particle Image Velocimetry.Frontiers in robotics and AI · 2021Article
- Mechanical Characteristics of Ultrafast Zebrafish Larval Swimming Muscles.Biophysical journal · 2020Article
- Experimental-numerical method for calculating bending moments in swimming fish shows that fish larvae control undulatory swimming with simple actuation.PLoS biology · 2020Article
- Article
- Data Management Rubric for Video Data in Organismal Biology.Integrative and comparative biology · 2017Article
- Control of Movement Initiation Underlies the Development of Balance.Current biology : CB · 2017Article
- Acquired versus innate prey capturing skills in super-precocial live-bearing fish.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2016Article
- Fish larvae exploit edge vortices along their dorsal and ventral fin folds to propel themselves.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Small undulatory swimmers such as larval zebrafish experience both inertial and viscous forces, the relative importance of which is indicated by the Reynolds number (Re). Re is proportional to swimming speed (vswim) and body length; faster swimming reduces the relative effect of viscous forces. Compared with adults, larval fish experience relatively high (mainly viscous) drag during cyclic swimming. To enhance thrust to an equally high level, they must employ a high product of tail-beat frequency and (peak-to-peak) amplitude fAtail, resulting in a relatively high fAtail/vswim ratio (Strouhal number, St), and implying relatively high lateral momentum shedding and low propulsive efficiency. Using kinematic and inverse-dynamics analyses, we studied cyclic swimming of larval zebrafish aged 2-5 days post-fertilization (dpf). Larvae at 4-5 dpf reach higher f (95 Hz) and Atail (2.4 mm) than at 2 dpf (80 Hz, 1.8 mm), increasing swimming speed and Re, indicating increasing muscle powers. As Re increases (60 → 1400), St (2.5 → 0.72) decreases nonlinearly towards values of large swimmers (0.2-0.6), indicating increased propulsive efficiency with vswim and age. Swimming at high St is associated with high-amplitude body torques and rotations. Low propulsive efficiencies and large yawing amplitudes are unavoidable physical constraints for small undulatory swimmers.
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