ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2015
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Penetration into the Skin and Effects on HaCaT Cells.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 123 citations in OpenAlex.
- The biomedical application of inorganic metal nanoparticles in aging and aging-associated diseases.Journal of advanced research · 2025Pooled it
- Toxicity Evaluation of TiOFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2020Pooled it
- Revolutionizing Sun Protection: Emerging Nanotechnologies Shaping the Future of Sunscreens.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Review
- Review
- Effects of Crude Shea Butters and Their Polar Extracts on Singlet Oxygen Quenching and Against Rose Bengal-Induced HaCaT Cell Phototoxicity.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a promising candidate for wound healing applications.Burns & trauma · 2025Review
- BSA Adsorption on Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Surfaces for Controlling Their Cellular Uptake in Skin Cells.ACS applied bio materials · 2024Article
- Synthesis and Characterization of Rutile TiOACS omega · 2023Article
- Review on photoprotection: a clinician's guide to the ingredients, characteristics, adverse effects, and disease-specific benefits of chemical and physical sunscreen compounds.Archives of dermatological research · 2023Review
- miR-186 induces tetraploidy in arsenic exposed human keratinocytes.Ecotoxicology and environmental safety · 2023Article
- Medical and Dental Applications of Titania Nanoparticles: An Overview.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Antagonistic Skin Toxicity of Co-Exposure to Physical Sunscreen Ingredients Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- An Overview of the Importance of Transition-Metal Nanoparticles in Cancer Research.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Behaviour of Titanium Dioxide Particles in Artificial Body Fluids and Human Blood Plasma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Influence of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Human Health and the Environment.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Sunscreens and their usefulness: have we made any progress in the last two decades?Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology · 2021Article
- TiOPrzeglad gastroenterologiczny · 2021Review
- Differential influence of Streptococcus mitis on host response to metals in reconstructed human skin and oral mucosa.Contact dermatitis · 2020Article
- Are Titania Photocatalysts and Titanium Implants Safe? Review on the Toxicity of Titanium Compounds.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Exposure to ZnO/TiOInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) suspensions (concentration 1.0 g/L) in synthetic sweat solution were applied on Franz cells for 24 h using intact and needle-abraded human skin. Titanium content into skin and receiving phases was determined. Cytotoxicity (MTT, AlamarBlue(®) and propidium iodide, PI, uptake assays) was evaluated on HaCat keratinocytes after 24 h, 48 h, and seven days of exposure. After 24 h of exposure, no titanium was detectable in receiving solutions for both intact and damaged skin. Titanium was found in the epidermal layer after 24 h of exposure (0.47 ± 0.33 μg/cm(2)) while in the dermal layer, the concentration was below the limit of detection. Damaged skin, in its whole, has shown a similar concentration (0.53 ± 0.26 μg/cm(2)). Cytotoxicity studies on HaCaT cells demonstrated that TiO2NPs induced cytotoxic effects only at very high concentrations, reducing cell viability after seven days of exposure with EC50s of 8.8 × 10(-4) M (MTT assay), 3.8 × 10(-5) M (AlamarBlue(®) assay), and 7.6 × 10(-4) M (PI uptake, index of a necrotic cell death). Our study demonstrated that TiO2NPs cannot permeate intact and damaged skin and can be found only in the stratum corneum and epidermis. Moreover, the low cytotoxic effect observed on human HaCaT keratinocytes suggests that these nano-compounds have a potential toxic effect at the skin level only after long-term exposure.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.