ArticleInternational journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases2015
Viruses and Gram-negative bacilli dominate the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in Indonesia, a cohort study.
Article in International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review of respiratory viral pathogens identified in adults with community-acquired pneumonia in Europe.Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology · 2017Pooled it
- Global Antimicrobial Non-Susceptibility Patterns ofInfection and drug resistance · 2026Review
- Viral non-SARS-CoV-2 etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Southeast Asia: a review and pooled analysis.IJID regions · 2025Review
- Transcriptomic characterization of the human segmental endotoxin challenge model.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Clinical Characteristics and Microorganisms Isolated in Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the COVID-19 Period.The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2024Article
- Identification ofThe Journal of international medical research · 2022Article
- High frequency of Chlamydia pneumoniae and risk factors in children with acute respiratory infection.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2020Article
- Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2019Review
- An international perspective on hospitalized patients with viral community-acquired pneumonia.European journal of internal medicine · 2019Article
- Multidrug-Resistant Infections Among Hospitalized Adults With Community-Acquired Pneumonia In An Indonesian Tertiary Referral Hospital.Infection and drug resistance · 2019Article
- Etiological Trends and Patterns of Antimicrobial Resistance in Respiratory Infections.The open microbiology journal · 2018Article
- Observational
- Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the Asia-Pacific Region.Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveKnowledge about the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is essential for adequate management. Presently, few studies about CAP are available from Southeast Asia. This study aimed to investigate the etiology, severity, and outcome of CAP in the most populous Southeast Asia country, Indonesia.
methodsFrom October 2007 to April 2009, adult patients admitted with CAP to two hospitals in Semarang, Indonesia, were included to detect the etiology of CAP using a full range of diagnostic methods. The severity of disease was classified according to the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI). The outcome was assessed as 30-day mortality.
resultsIn total, 148 consecutive patients with CAP were included. Influenza virus (18%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (13%) were the most common agents identified. Other Gram-negative bacilli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Chlamydia pneumoniae each accounted for 5%. The bacteria presented wild type antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Forty-four percent of subjects were high-risk patients (PSI class IV-V). The mortality rate (30%) was significantly associated with disease severity score (P<0.001), and with failure to establish an etiological diagnosis (P=0.027). No associations were found between etiology and underlying diseases, PSI class, nor mortality.
conclusionsViruses and Gram-negative bacilli are dominant causes of CAP in this region, more so than S. pneumoniae. Most of the bacteria have wild type susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Patients with severe disease and those with unknown etiology have a higher mortality risk.
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