ReviewClinical pharmacokinetics2016
Pharmacology and Optimization of Thiopurines and Methotrexate in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Review in Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Patients' beliefs about medicine are associated with early thiopurine discontinuation in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases.European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology · 2018Trial
- More Dose-dependent Side Effects with Mercaptopurine over Azathioprine in IBD Treatment Due to Relatively Higher Dosing.Inflammatory bowel diseases · 2017Trial
- Revisiting thiopurines and therapeutic drug monitoring in IBD: Insights and implications in the Indian context.Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Pharmaceutical Potential of Remedial Plants and Helminths for Treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Advancements in Targeted Therapies for the Management of Crohn's Disease: A Comprehensive Review.Cureus · 2024Review
- Identifying predictive signalling networks for Vedolizumab response in ulcerative colitis.International journal of colorectal disease · 2022Article
- Liver-side of inflammatory bowel diseases: Hepatobiliary and drug-induced disorders.World journal of hepatology · 2021Review
- Microbiota and Drug Response in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- The Communication Between Intestinal Microbiota and Ulcerative Colitis: An Exploration of Pathogenesis, Animal Models, and Potential Therapeutic Strategies.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Review
- Oral Nanoparticles of SNX10-shRNA Plasmids Ameliorate Mouse Colitis.International journal of nanomedicine · 2021Article
- Short-term tolerability and effectiveness of methotrexate monotherapy in adult patients with Crohn's disease: a retrospective study.Therapeutic advances in gastroenterology · 2021Article
- Azathioprine-Induced Acute Submandibular Sialadenitis in a Crohn's Disease Patient.GE Portuguese journal of gastroenterology · 2020Article
- Efficacy and safety of methotrexate in the management of inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials.EClinicalMedicine · 2020Article
- Plant-Derived Alkaloids: The Promising Disease-Modifying Agents for Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2019Review
- Indigo Naturalis Suppresses Colonic Oxidative Stress and Th1/Th17 Responses of DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2019Article
- Clinical Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2019Review
- Implementation of genomic medicine for gastrointestinal tumors.Annals of gastroenterological surgery · 2018Review
- Interactions Between Thiopurine Metabolites, Adalimumab, and Antibodies Against Adalimumab in Previously Infliximab-Treated Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2018Article
- Anti-integrin therapy for inflammatory bowel disease.World journal of gastroenterology · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Improving the efficacy and reducing the toxicity of thiopurines and methotrexate (MTX) have been areas of intense basic and clinical research. An increased knowledge on pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of these immunomodulators has optimized treatment strategies in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This review focuses on the metabolism and mode of action of thiopurines and MTX, and provides an updated overview of individualized treatment strategies in which efficacy in IBD can be increased without compromising safety. The patient-based monitoring instruments adapted into clinical practice include pretreatment thiopurine S-methyltransferase testing, thiopurine metabolite monitoring, and blood count measurements that may help guiding the dosage to improve clinical outcome. Other approaches for optimizing thiopurine therapy in IBD include combination therapy with allopurinol, 5-aminosalicylates, and/or biologics. Similar strategies are yet to be proven effective in improving the outcome of MTX therapy. Important challenges for the management of IBD in the future relate to individualized dosing of immunomodulators for maximal efficacy with minimal risk of side effects. As low-cost conventional immunomodulators still remain a mainstay in pharmacotherapy of IBD, more research remains warranted, especially to substantiate these tailored management strategies in controlled clinical trials.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.