ArticleMolecular neurobiology2016
Fluoride-Induced Neuron Apoptosis and Expressions of Inflammatory Factors by Activating Microglia in Rat Brain.
Article in Molecular neurobiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chronic Fluoride Exposure Disrupts Calcium-Dependent Neurodevelopmental Signalling and Brain Proteomic Architecture: Multi-Target Modulation by Naringin.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Protective Effects of Crocin Against Fluoride-Induced Neurotoxicity: Involvement of Wnt10b/β-Catenin Signaling.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Chained mediation of interleukins linking fluoride exposure to frailty: a cohort study of skeletal fluorosis patients in China.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2025Article
- Updated consumer risk assessment of fluoride in food and drinking water including the contribution from other sources of oral exposure.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
- Dose-dependent developmental fluoride exposure leads to neurotoxicity and impairs excitatory synapse development.Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- Article
- Exploring the protective role of metformin and dehydrozingerone in sodium fluoride-induced neurotoxicity: evidence from prenatal rat models.3 Biotech · 2025Article
- Fluoride-induced Neurodevelopmental Toxicity- AMPK as a Possible Target.CNS & neurological disorders drug targets · 2025Review
- Fluoride promotes the secretion of inflammatory factors in microglia through NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2024Article
- Fluoride-induced apoptosis in non-skeletal tissues of experimental animals: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Heliyon · 2023Review
- Prolonged exposure to high fluoride levels during adolescence to adulthood elicits molecular, morphological, and functional impairments in the hippocampus.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Molecular basis of fluoride toxicities: Beyond benefits and implications in human disorders.Genes & diseases · 2023Review
- Intergenerational Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorder.Biology · 2023Review
- Fluoride in the Central Nervous System and Its Potential Influence on the Development and Invasiveness of Brain Tumours-A Research Hypothesis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Fluoride exposure during early adolescence and its association with internalizing symptoms.Environmental research · 2022Article
- LncRNA, an Emerging Approach for Neurological Diseases Treatment by Regulating Microglia Polarization.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Review
- Alantolactone reduced neuron injury via activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats.PloS one · 2022Article
- Impacts of Fluoride Neurotoxicity and Mitochondrial Dysfunction on Cognition and Mental Health: A Literature Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
- Exendin-4 Attenuates Remodeling in the Remote Myocardium of Rats After an Acute Myocardial Infarction by Activating β-Arrestin-2, Protein Phosphatase 2A, and Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 and Inhibiting β-Catenin.Cardiovascular drugs and therapy · 2021Article
- Apoptotic and Degenerative Changes in the Enteric Nervous System Following Exposure to Fluoride During Pre- and Post-natal Periods.Biological trace element research · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Excessive exposure to fluoride results in structural and functional damages to the central nervous system (CNS), and neurotoxicity of fluoride may be associated with neurodegenerative changes. Chronic microglial activation appears to cause neuronal damage through producing proinflammatory cytokines and is involved in many neurodegenerative disorders. It is not known about effects on microglia of fluoride. In the present study, healthy adult Wistar rats were exposed to 60 and 120 ppm fluoride in drinking water for 10 weeks, and control rats received deionized water. After 10 weeks, rats were sacrificed under anesthesia then apoptosis in neuron and inflammatory factors secreted by microglia were determined. We found that apoptosis of neurons in fluoride-treated rat brain increased and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive immunofluorescence increased with increasing fluoride concentrations. Bax protein expression increased and Bcl-2 protein expression decreased in fluoride-treated rat brain compared with that of the control rat brain. The microglia in the hippocampus and cortex of fluoride-treated rats were activated by immunostaining with OX-42, a marker of activated microglia, and OX-42-positive microglia cells were more abundant in the hippocampus than in the cortex. The levels of IL-1β and IL-6 protein expression in OX-42-labeled microglial cells were significantly increased in the cortex and hippocampus of rats exposed to fluoride, and TNF-α immunoreactivity in microglial cells of the hippocampus was significantly higher in the 120 ppm fluoride-treated group than that in the control group. Our results indicate that fluoride induced neuron apoptosis and expressions of inflammatory factors by activating microglia in rat brain.
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