Trial reportEuropean journal of immunology2015
Progesterone promotes maternal-fetal tolerance by reducing human maternal T-cell polyfunctionality and inducing a specific cytokine profile.
Trial report in European journal of immunology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 121 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex Steroid Hormone Regulation of T-Cell Function and Antitumor Immunity.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Review
- Distinct immunomodulatory effects of synthetic progestins compared with natural progesterone in human immune cells.ImmunoHorizons · 2026Article
- The HIV Reservoir and Immune Landscape Across the Life Course of Women: Implications for Cure Strategies.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Immunomodulatory Role of Natural Progesterone in Pregnancy: A Review.The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · 2026Review
- Clinical characteristics of pregnant patients with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis: a retrospective analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Integrative Network View of PCOS: Organ Crosstalk Driven by the Hyperandrogenemia-Insulin Resistance-Inflammation Triad.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2026Review
- The dysregulation of the immune microenvironment during endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia serves as a marker of endometrial carcinogenesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Diagnostic Complexities in Congenital Tuberculosis: Insights From Preterm Twins Conceived via In Vitro Fertilization and a Literature Review.Case reports in infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Clinical Features and Outcomes of Tuberculosis after in Vitro Fertilization-Embryo Transfer Compared with Natural Pregnancy: A Retrospective Study.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Progesterone receptor-dependent downregulation of MHC class I promotes tumor immune evasion and growth in breast cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Toward understanding sexual immune dimorphism in humans.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Should miliary tuberculosis be considered as a possible cause of infertility in the new era: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Clinical characteristics and pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with TB: a retrospective cohort study.Annals of medicine · 2024Article
- Effective factors in the pathogenesis ofHeliyon · 2024Review
- Luteal phase support in assisted reproductive technology.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2024Review
- Pathomorphological characteristics of tuberculous placenta and its clinical implication.Diagnostic pathology · 2023Article
- The rapid activation of cPKCβII by progesterone results in the negative regulation of Ca 2+ influx in human resting T cells.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2023Article
- Regulatory T cells are paramount effectors in progesterone regulation of embryo implantation and fetal growth.JCI insight · 2023Article
- Progress on the Role of Estrogen and Progesterone Signaling in Mouse Embryo Implantation and Decidualization.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2023Review
- The Effect of Progestins on Cytokine Production in the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Menopausal Women and Their Luminol-Dependent Chemiluminescence.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Progesterone is a steroid hormone essential for the maintenance of human pregnancy, and its actions are thought to include promoting maternal immune tolerance of the semiallogenic fetus. We report that exposure of maternal T cells to progesterone at physiological doses induced a unique skewing of the cytokine production profile of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, with reductions not only in potentially deleterious IFN-γ and TNF-α production but also in IL-10 and IL-5. Conversely, production of IL-4 was increased. Maternal T cells also became less polyfunctional, focussing cytokine production toward profiles including IL-4. This was accompanied by reduced T-cell proliferation. Using fetal and viral antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell clones, we confirmed that this as a direct, nonantigen-specific effect. Yet human T cells lacked conventional nuclear progesterone receptors, implicating a membrane progesterone receptor. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells responded to progesterone in a dose-dependent manner, with subtle effects at concentrations comparable to those in maternal blood, but profound effects at concentrations similar to those at the maternal-fetal interface. This characterization of how progesterone modulates T-cell function is important in understanding the normal biology of pregnancy and informing the rational use of progesterone therapy in pregnancies at risk of fetal loss.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.