Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26248869›Full record

ArticleParasites & vectors2015

Associations between school- and household-level water, sanitation and hygiene conditions and soil-transmitted helminth infection among Kenyan school children.

M C Freeman, A N Chard, B Nikolay, J V Garn, C Okoyo, J Kihara, S M Njenga, R L Pullan, S J Brooker, C S Mwandawiro

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In one paragraph

Article in Parasites & vectors, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
41citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

41 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  3. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Schools in Low-Income Countries: A Review of Evidence of Impact.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

M C FreemanDepartment of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. matthew.freeman@emory.edu.
A N ChardDepartment of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. achard@emory.edu.
B NikolayFaculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. birgit.nikolay@lshtm.ac.uk.
J V GarnDepartment of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. jgarn@emory.edu.
C OkoyoEastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. collinsomondiokoyo@gmail.com.
J KiharaEastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. jimmykihara09@gmail.com.
S M NjengaEastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. SNjenga@kemri.org.
R L PullanFaculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. Rachel.Pullan@lshtm.ac.uk.
S J BrookerFaculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. Simon.Brooker@lshtm.ac.uk.
C S MwandawiroEastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. CMwandawiro@kemri.org.

Funding

Wellcome TrustWellcome Trust 098045
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSoil-transmitted helminths, a class of parasitic intestinal worms, are pervasive in many low-income settings. Infection among children can lead to poor nutritional outcomes, anaemia, and reduced cognition. Mass treatment, typically administered through schools, with yearly or biannual drugs is inexpensive and can reduce worm burden, but reinfection can occur rapidly. Access to and use of sanitation facilities and proper hygiene can reduce infection, but rigorous data are scarce. Among school-age children, infection can occur at home or at school, but little is known about the relative importance of WASH in transmission in these two settings.

methodsWe explored the relationships between school and household water, sanitation, and hygiene conditions and behaviours during the baseline of a large-scale mass drug administration programme in Kenya. We assessed several WASH measures to quantify the exposure of school children, and developed theory and empirically-based parsimonious models.

resultsResults suggest mixed impacts of household and school WASH on prevalence and intensity of infection. WASH risk factors differed across individual worm species, which is expected given the different mechanisms of infection.

conclusionsNo trend of the relative importance of school versus household-level WASH emerged, though some factors, like water supply were more strongly related to lower infection, which suggests it is important in supporting other school practices, such as hand-washing and keeping school toilets clean.

Indexed as

HygieneSanitationSchoolsWater QualityChildFamily CharacteristicsHelminthiasisHumansKenyaOdds RatioRisk FactorsSoilSoil

Identifiers

PMID26248869
PMCPMC4528701

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.