ArticleAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy2015
Racial Differences in Clostridium difficile Infection Rates Are Attributable to Disparities in Health Care Access.
Article in Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessing the association between elements of health inequalities and the risk of bacterial infection in high-income countries: a systematic scoping review.Access microbiology · 2026Review
- Racial Disparities in Utilization of Medications and Disease Outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients.Crohn's & colitis 360 · 2025Article
- Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of hospitalized Hispanic patients with IBD: results of a large national cohort study.International journal of colorectal disease · 2025Article
- Article
- Advancing health equity through action in antimicrobial stewardship and healthcare epidemiology.Infection control and hospital epidemiology · 2024Article
- Infectious Inequity: How the Gut Microbiome and Social Determinants of Health May Contribute to Clostridioides difficile Infection Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- A leaky human colon model reveals uncoupled apical/basal cytotoxicity in earlyAmerican journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Disease-Specific Health Disparities: A Targeted Review Focusing on Race and Ethnicity.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- The influence of patient race on the use of diagnostic imaging in United States emergency departments: data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care survey.BMC health services research · 2020Article
- Effects of proton pump inhibitor on the human gut microbiome profile in multi-ethnic groups in Singapore.Singapore medical journal · 2019Article
- Predictors of Clostridium difficile infection and predictive impact of probiotic use in a diverse hospital-wide cohort.American journal of infection control · 2019Article
- Bias in Rating of Rodent Distress during Anesthesia Induction for Anesthesia Compared with Euthanasia.Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2018Article
- Clostridium difficile Infection.Microbiology spectrum · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study confirms previously reported racial differences in Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) rates in the United States and explores the nature of those differences. We conducted a retrospective study using the 2010 Nationwide Inpatient Sample, the largest all-payer database of hospital discharges in the United States. We identified hospital stays most likely to include antibiotic treatment for infections, based on hospital discharge diagnoses, and we examined how CDI rates varied, in an attempt to distinguish between genotypic and environmental racial differences. Logistic regressions for the survey design were used to test hypotheses. Among patients likely to have received antibiotics, white patients had higher CDI rates than black, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American patients (P < 0.0001). CDI rates increased with higher income levels and were higher for hospitalizations paid by private insurance versus those paid by Medicaid or classified as self-pay or free care (P < 0.0001). Among patients admitted from skilled nursing facilities, where racial bias in health care access is less, racial differences in CDI rates disappeared (P = 1.0). Infected patients did not show racial differences in rates of complicated CDI or death (P = 1.0). Although white patients had greater CDI rates than nonwhite patients, racial differences in CDI rates disappeared in a population for which health care access was presumed to be less racially biased. This provides evidence that apparent racial differences in CDI risks may represent health care access disparities, rather than genotypic differences. CDI represents a deviation from the paradigm that increased health care access is associated with less morbidity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.