SynthesisPloS one2015
Inter-Ethnic/Racial Facial Variations: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Meta-Analysis of Photogrammetric Studies.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Automated assessment of 3D facial asymmetry: a systematic review.European journal of orthodontics · 2026Pooled it
- Anthropometry and Current Aesthetic Concept of the Lower Third of the Face and Lips in Caucasian Adult Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2024Pooled it
- 3D Facial Normotypes for Maxillofacial Surgical Planning.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Evaluation of a Facial Dysmorphology Analysis Algorithm (Face2Gene) in Identifying Treacher Collins Syndrome Amongst Diverse Population.Orthodontics & craniofacial research · 2026Article
- Aesthetically ideal noses created using a single artificial intelligence model: Validating literature and exploring ethnic differences.JPRAS open · 2026Article
- Capturing Optimal Mobile 2D Facial Images in Remote Aesthetics Medicine Clinical Trials: Technical Considerations for Facial Severity Analysis.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- The correlations between vertical maxillary asymmetry and orbital volume in Taiwanese adults.Journal of dental sciences · 2026Article
- Self-perceived attractiveness of labiomental angles in Taiwanese and Caucasian males: A comparative study before and after orthodontic education among dental students.Journal of dental sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Impact of orthodontic education on the perception of attractiveness and acceptance of facial profiles in adult Taiwanese and Caucasian women.Journal of dental sciences · 2025Article
- Combined genome-wide association study of facial traits in Europeans increases explained variance and improves prediction.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Traditional and Artificial Intelligent Methods in Predicting Maxillofacial Soft Tissue Morphology After Orthognathic Surgery: A Narrative Review.International journal of dentistry · 2025Review
- Charting facial growth and development for Bantu Africans: Central tendencies, variational properties and sexual dimorphisms.Journal of anatomy · 2024Article
- Artificial Intelligence Used for Diagnosis in Facial Deformities: A Systematic Review.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Review
- Sex classification of 3D skull images using deep neural networks.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Comparison of Long-Term Effects Following Phacoemulsification Combined with Goniosynechialysis and Trabeculectomy in Patients with Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma and Cataract.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2024Article
- Effect of anterior maxillary wall shape on ease of prelacrimal recess approach among Asians and Westerners.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2023Article
- A Cross-Sectional Study to Determine and Compare the Craniofacial Anthropometric Norms in a Selected Kenyan and Chinese Population.Plastic surgery (Oakville, Ont.) · 2023Article
- Quantitative Analysis of Morphometric Changes in Feminization Rhinoplasty Utilizing a Standardized Forehead-Rhinoplasty Technique.Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum · 2023Article
- Use of Facial Morphology to Determine Nutritional Status in Older Adults: Opportunities and Challenges.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundNumerous facial photogrammetric studies have been published around the world. We aimed to critically review these studies so as to establish population norms for various angular and linear facial measurements; and to determine inter-ethnic/racial facial variations. METHODS AND
findingsA comprehensive and systematic search of PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus was conducted to identify facial photogrammetric studies published before December, 2014. Subjects of eligible studies were either Africans, Asians or Caucasians. A Bayesian hierarchical random effects model was developed to estimate posterior means and 95% credible intervals (CrI) for each measurement by ethnicity/race. Linear contrasts were constructed to explore inter-ethnic/racial facial variations. We identified 38 eligible studies reporting 11 angular and 18 linear facial measurements. Risk of bias of the studies ranged from 0.06 to 0.66. At the significance level of 0.05, African males were found to have smaller nasofrontal angle (posterior mean difference: 8.1°, 95% CrI: 2.2°-13.5°) compared to Caucasian males and larger nasofacial angle (7.4°, 0.1°-13.2°) compared to Asian males. Nasolabial angle was more obtuse in Caucasian females than in African (17.4°, 0.2°-35.3°) and Asian (9.1°, 0.4°-17.3°) females. Additional inter-ethnic/racial variations were revealed when the level of statistical significance was set at 0.10.
conclusionsA comprehensive database for angular and linear facial measurements was established from existing studies using the statistical model and inter-ethnic/racial variations of facial features were observed. The results have implications for clinical practice and highlight the need and value for high quality photogrammetric studies.
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Registered trials
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