ReviewDialogues in clinical neuroscience2015
Treatment-refractory anxiety; definition, risk factors, and treatment challenges.
Review in Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Comparative effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for social anxiety disorder in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Pooled it
- Ketamine treatment for refractory anxiety: A systematic review.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Aligning the many definitions of treatment resistance in anxiety disorders: A systematic review.Depression and anxiety · 2019Pooled it
- Clinical efficacy of escitalopram combined with botulinum toxin A in patients with generalized anxiety disorder and comorbid headache.Psychopharmacology · 2023Trial
- Mechanistic Non-Response After Psychotherapy for Anxiety Disorders: A Maintenance-Mechanism-Based Clinical Taxonomy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Improved sleep quality is independently associated with decision-making recovery in panic disorder: a longitudinal study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Enhanced Brain-Heart Connectivity as a Precursor of Reduced State Anxiety after Therapeutic Virtual Reality Immersion.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Depression and Anxiety After Radiation-Induced Brain Injury: A Review of Current Research Progress.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2025Review
- Genetic and Environmental Influences on Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review of Their Onset and Development.Cureus · 2025Review
- Three-Month Durability of Bilateral Two-Level Stellate Ganglion Blocks in Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Retrospective Analysis.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- The Organization of Anxiety Symptoms Along the Threat Imminence Continuum.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2025Review
- Review of the current ongoing clinical trials exploring the possible anti-anxiety effects of cannabidiol.Journal of cannabis research · 2024Review
- Is lack of goal-conflict-specific rhythmicity a biomarker for treatment resistance in generalised anxiety but not social anxiety or major depression?Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- Reversing anxiety by targeting a stress-responsive signaling pathway.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- [Treatment resistance in anxiety disorders-Definition and treatment options].Der Nervenarzt · 2024Review
- The definition of treatment resistance in anxiety disorders: a Delphi method-based consensus guideline.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2024Article
- Monoamine Oxidase: A Potential Link in Papez Circuit to Generalized Anxiety Disorders.CNS & neurological disorders drug targets · 2024Review
- The role of the orexin system in the neurobiology of anxiety disorders: Potential for a novel treatment target.Neuroscience applied · 2024Review
- An Individual's Lived Experiences of Taking Cannabis-Based Medicinal Products (CBMPs) to Treat Anxiety.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A sizable proportion of psychiatric patients will seek clinical evaluation and treatment for anxiety symptoms reportedly refractory to treatment. This apparent lack of response is either due to "pseudo-resistance" (a failure to have received and adhered to a recognized and effective treatment or treatments for their condition) or to true "treatment resistance." Pseudo-resistance can be due to clinician errors in selecting and delivering an appropriate treatment effectively, or to patient nonadherence to a course of treatment. True treatment resistance can be due to unrecognized exogenous anxiogenic factors (eg, caffeine overuse, sleep deprivation, use of alcohol or marijuana) or an incorrect diagnosis (eg, atypical bipolar illness, occult substance abuse, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder). Once the above factors are eliminated, treatment should focus on combining effective medications and cognitive behavioral therapy, combining several medications (augmentation), or employing novel medications or psychotherapies not typically indicated as first-line evidence-based anxiety treatments.
Indexed as
Identifiers
26246793PMC4518702What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.