ArticlePloS one2015
Modification of β-Defensin-2 by Dicarbonyls Methylglyoxal and Glyoxal Inhibits Antibacterial and Chemotactic Function In Vitro.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between type-2 diabetes and Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Folia parasitologica · 2025Pooled it
- Well-controlled vs poorly-controlled diabetes in patients with COVID-19: Are there any differences in outcomes and imaging findings?Diabetes research and clinical practice · 2020Trial
- Glycation and receptors: coming of AGE in the midst of danger.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2026Review
- Exploring the multifaceted roles of beta-defensins in prediabetes: a detailed review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Effects of Elevated Glucose on Bacterial Respiratory Infections in Cystic Fibrosis and Chronic Airway Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Methylglyoxal Alone or Combined with Light-Emitting Diodes/Complex Electromagnetic Fields Represent an Effective Response to Microbial Chronic Wound Infections.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Systemic Factors Affecting Human Beta-Defensins in Oral Cavity.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Severity of COVID-19 infection in patients with COVID-19 combined with diabetes.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2024Article
- Review
- Article
- Host Defence Peptides in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients with Periodontal Disease. A Systematic Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- COVID-19 and type 1 diabetes: dealing with the difficult duo.International journal of diabetes in developing countries · 2020Review
- Potential Benefits and Harms of Novel Antidiabetic Drugs During COVID-19 Crisis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Virus Infections and Host Metabolism-Can We Manage the Interactions?Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- COVID's Razor: RAS Imbalance, the Common Denominator Across Disparate, Unexpected Aspects of COVID-19.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2020Review
- Article
- Diabetic foot infection: A critical complication.International wound journal · 2018Article
- Tannerella forsythia-produced methylglyoxal causes accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts to trigger cytokine secretion in human monocytes.Molecular oral microbiology · 2018Article
- Hyperglycaemia does not affect antigen-specific activation and cytolytic killing by CD8Bioscience reports · 2017Article
- Mass spectrometric determination of early and advanced glycation in biology.Glycoconjugate journal · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBeta-defensins (hBDs) provide antimicrobial and chemotactic defense against bacterial, viral and fungal infections. Human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2) acts against gram-negative bacteria and chemoattracts immature dendritic cells, thus regulating innate and adaptive immunity. Immunosuppression due to hyperglycemia underlies chronic infection in Type 2 diabetes. Hyperglycemia also elevates production of dicarbonyls methylgloxal (MGO) and glyoxal (GO).
methodsThe effect of dicarbonyl on defensin peptide structure was tested by exposing recombinant hBD-2 (rhBD-2) to MGO or GO with subsequent analysis by MALDI-TOF MS and LC/MS/MS. Antimicrobial function of untreated rhBD-2 vs. rhBD-2 exposed to dicarbonyl against strains of both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria in culture was determined by radial diffusion assay. The effect of dicarbonyl on rhBD-2 chemotactic function was determined by chemotaxis assay in CEM-SS cells.
resultsMGO or GO in vitro irreversibly adducts to the rhBD-2 peptide, and significantly reduces antimicrobial and chemotactic functions. Adducts derive from two arginine residues, Arg22 and Arg23 near the C-terminus, and the N-terminal glycine (Gly1). We show by radial diffusion testing on gram-negative E. coli and P. aeruginosa, and gram-positive S. aureus, and a chemotaxis assay for CEM-SS cells, that antimicrobial activity and chemotactic function of rhBD-2 are significantly reduced by MGO.
conclusionsDicarbonyl modification of cationic antimicrobial peptides represents a potential link between hyperglycemia and the clinical manifestation of increased susceptibility to infection, protracted wound healing, and chronic inflammation in undiagnosed and uncontrolled Type 2 diabetes.
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