ArticleObstetrics and gynecology2015
The Most Commonly Dispensed Prescription Medications Among Pregnant Women Enrolled in the U.S. Medicaid Program.
Article in Obstetrics and gynecology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 144 citations in OpenAlex.
- Estimating the Prevalence of Prescribed Medication Use in Pregnancy with a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Drug safety · 2026Pooled it
- Effect of Benzodiazepines and Z-Drug Medications During Antenatal and Postnatal Depression and Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Patterns of Antibiotic Utilization and Bacterial Susceptibility of Prenatal Urinary Tract Infections.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2026Article
- PregMedNet: Multifaceted maternal medication impacts on neonatal complications.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Serpina3c protects against metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in offspring induced by prenatal prednisone exposure.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Clinical Impact and Management of Antibiotic Allergy in Pregnancy.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2025Review
- PregMedNet: Multifaceted Maternal Medication Impacts on Neonatal Complications.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Gut Microbiota Colonization in Early Life Influences Susceptibility to Adulthood Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mice.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Toward Medication Use During Pregnancy: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Survey.Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of India · 2025Article
- Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Medication Use During Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study in Western Uganda.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Teratogenic Risk Impact and Mitigation (TRIM): Study Protocol for the Development of a Decision Support Tool to Prioritize Medications for Risk Mitigation.Drug safety · 2025Article
- Non-Viral RNA Delivery During Pregnancy: Opportunities and Challenges.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2024Review
- Prescription medication use during pregnancy in the United States from 2011 to 2020: trends and safety evidence.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2024Article
- Understanding willingness and barriers to participate in clinical trials during pregnancy and lactation: findings from a US study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Article
- Trends and Disparities in Perinatal Opioid Use Disorder Treatment in Medicaid, 2007-2012.Medical care research and review : MCRR · 2024Article
- Embryonic Amoxicillin Exposure Has Limited Impact on Liver Development but Increases Susceptibility to NAFLD in Zebrafish Larvae.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- COVID-19 Distribution in Pregnancy, Drug Use Patterns and COVID-19 Medication during the Pandemic in Spain: Data from Real-World Electronic Health Records.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Article
- The most common medications dispensed to lactating persons: An electronic health record-based approach.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo characterize the 20 most common prescription medications and the 10 most common prescription medications classified in the former U.S. Food and Drug Administration categories D or X dispensed to pregnant women enrolled in the U.S. Medicaid program.
methodsWe conducted a cohort study of 1,106,757 pregnant women with live births using 2000-2007 Medicaid Analytic eXtract data. We used outpatient pharmacy records to identify medication dispensings and reported the proportion of pregnancies that were dispensed at least one prescription medication. Maternal age and race and ethnicity-stratified estimates were compared using prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
resultsDuring pregnancy, 82.5% of the cohort had a dispensing for one or more prescription medication. The most commonly dispensed medications during pregnancy included nitrofurantoin (21.6%), metronidazole (19.4%), amoxicillin (18.0%), azithromycin (16.9%), and promethazine (13.5%). Proportions were highest among younger women for several medications; eg, nitrofurantoin (23.9% compared with 15.4%; prevalence ratio 1.55, CI 1.52-1.58), metronidazole (20.7% compared with 12.0%; prevalence ratio 1.73, CI 1.69-1.77), and azithromycin (21.1% compared with 11.0%; prevalence ratio 1.93, CI 1.89-1.97) were more common among women younger than 20 years than among women aged 35 years or older. Proportions were highest among white women with some exceptions; eg, compared with white women, metronidazole was more common among black women (29.8% compared with 14.4%; prevalence ratio 2.07, CI 2.05-2.09). Excluding fertility treatments, 42.0% had at least one dispensing for a D or X medication during pregnancy. Codeine (11.9%) and hydrocodone (10.2%) were the most common D medications.
conclusionMedications used to treat infections were the most commonly dispensed prescription medications. Dispensing of commonly used prescription medications during pregnancy varied by maternal age and race-ethnicity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.
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