ArticlePloS one2015
Effect of Common Drinking Water Disinfectants, Chlorine and Heat, on Free Legionella and Amoebae-Associated Legionella.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 138 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Seasonal Host Shifts for Legionella Within an Industrial Water-Cooling System.Environmental microbiology reports · 2025Article
- Paramoeba atlantica as a Natural Intracellular Niche for Vibrios in Marine Ecosystems.Environmental microbiology · 2025Article
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- Moving Beyond the Silos of Opportunistic Pathogen and Disinfection Byproduct Research to Improve Drinking Water System Management.Environmental science & technology · 2025Review
- Foresight 2035: a perspective on the next decade of research on the management of Legionella spp. in engineered aquatic environments.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Efficacy of physical and chemical disinfection against clinically relevant free-living amoebae isolated from drinking water and plumbing biofilms.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Two-year evaluation of Legionella in an aging residential building: Assessment of multiple potable water remediation approaches.The Science of the total environment · 2024Article
- Reinforcing Feedbacks for Sustainable Implementation of Rural Drinking-Water Treatment Technology.ACS ES&T water · 2024Article
- Inactivation efficacy and mechanisms of wavelength-specific UV sources for various strains of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1.The Science of the total environment · 2024Article
- Social life of free-living amoebae in aquatic environment- comprehensive insights into interactions of free-living amoebae with neighboring microorganisms.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Review
- Two-Year Evaluation ofmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2023Article
- Rapid adaptations ofMicrobial genomics · 2023Article
- Multi-criterion analysis of the effect of physico-chemical microbiological agents onFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Compromised Effectiveness of Thermal Inactivation ofMicroorganisms · 2022Article
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- Legionella pneumophila CRISPR-Cas Suggests Recurrent Encounters with One or More Phages in the FamilyApplied and environmental microbiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chlorine and thermal treatments are the most commonly used procedures to control and prevent Legionella proliferation in drinking water systems of large buildings. However, cases of legionellosis still occur in facilities with treated water. The purpose of this work was to model the effect of temperature and free chlorine applied in similar exposure conditions as in drinking water systems on five Legionella spp. strains and two amoebal strains of the genera Acanthamoeba. Inactivation models obtained were used to determine the effectiveness of the treatments applied which resulted more effective against Legionella than Acanthamoeba, especially those in cystic stages. Furthermore, to determine the influence of the relationship between L. pneumophila and Acanthamoeba spp. on the treatment effectiveness, inactivation models of the bacteria-associated amoeba were also constructed and compared to the models obtained for the free living bacteria state. The Legionella-amoeba association did not change the inactivation models, but it reduced the effectiveness of the treatments applied. Remarkably, at the lowest free chlorine concentration, 0.5 mg L-1, as well as at the lowest temperatures, 50°C and 55°C, the influence of the Legionella-amoeba associate state was the strongest in reducing the effectiveness of the treatments compared to the free Legionella state. Therefore, the association established between L. pneumophila and amoebae in the water systems indicate an increased health risk in proximal areas of the system (close to the tap) where lower free chlorine concentrations and lower temperatures are commonly observed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.