Trial reportPsychology and aging2015
External locus of control contributes to racial disparities in memory and reasoning training gains in ACTIVE.
Trial report in Psychology and aging, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Impact of Locus of Control on Patient-Provider Communication: A Systematic Review.Journal of health communication · 2023Pooled it
- The use of commercial computerised cognitive games in older adults: a meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2020Pooled it
- Perceived Control, Cognitive Training, and Incident Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias in the ACTIVE Study.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025Trial
- Control beliefs and cognition over a 10-year period: Findings from the ACTIVE trial.Psychology and aging · 2017Trial
- Locus of control moderates the effects of residential segregation on everyday functioning in Black older adults from the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly study.Neuropsychology · 2026Article
- Perceived control, brain health, and cognitive reserve: longitudinal resilience mechanisms in Black, White, and Hispanic older adults.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2026Article
- The impact of tract- and county-level segregation on 10-year cognitive and everyday functioning outcomes of Black/African American older adults in the ACTIVE study.Alzheimer's & dementia. Behavior & socioeconomics of aging · 2025Article
- Pathways to Racial/Ethnic Inequalities in Dementia.Annual review of clinical psychology · 2025Review
- CCA identifies a neurophysiological marker of adaptation capacity that is reliably linked to internal locus of control of cognition in amnestic MCI.GeroScience · 2023Article
- Association between School Achievement and Tobacco Susceptibility among US Adolescents: Ethnic Differences.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Race and Ethnic Differences in the Protective Effect of Parental Educational Attainment on Subsequent Perceived Tobacco Norms among US Youth.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Long-Term Effects of Cognitive Training on All-Cause Mortality in US Older Adults.Journal of aging and health · 2022Article
- Effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions on cognitive function among non-demented African American and Latino older adults in the USA: a scoping review.Ethnicity & health · 2022Article
- Biopsychosocial pathways in dementia inequalities: Introduction to the Michigan Cognitive Aging Project.The American psychologist · 2021Article
- Psychosocial Protective Factors in Cognitive Aging: A Targeted Review.Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists · 2021Review
- Subjective memory, objective memory, and race over a 10-year period: Findings from the ACTIVE study.Psychology and aging · 2021Article
- Socioeconomic and psychosocial mechanisms underlying racial/ethnic disparities in cognition among older adults.Neuropsychology · 2021Article
- Psychological predictors of memory decline in a racially and ethnically diverse longitudinal sample of older adults in the United States.International journal of geriatric psychiatry · 2020Article
- Perceived control and cognition in adulthood: The mediating role of physical activity.Psychology and aging · 2018Article
- Control beliefs are associated with preserved memory function in the face of low hippocampal volume among diverse older adults.Brain imaging and behavior · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Racial disparities in cognitive outcomes may be partly explained by differences in locus of control. African Americans report more external locus of control than non-Hispanic Whites, and external locus of control is associated with poorer health and cognition. The aims of this study were to compare cognitive training gains between African American and non-Hispanic White participants in the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) study and determine whether racial differences in training gains are mediated by locus of control. The sample comprised 2,062 (26% African American) adults aged 65 and older who participated in memory, reasoning, or speed training. Latent growth curve models evaluated predictors of 10-year cognitive trajectories separately by training group. Multiple group modeling examined associations between training gains and locus of control across racial groups. Compared to non-Hispanic Whites, African Americans evidenced less improvement in memory and reasoning performance after training. These effects were partially mediated by locus of control, controlling for age, sex, education, health, depression, testing site, and initial cognitive ability. African Americans reported more external locus of control, which was associated with smaller training gains. External locus of control also had a stronger negative association with reasoning training gain for African Americans than for Whites. No racial difference in training gain was identified for speed training. Future intervention research with African Americans should test whether explicitly targeting external locus of control leads to greater cognitive improvement following cognitive training.
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