ArticleAIDS (London, England)2015
A 15-year study of the impact of community antiretroviral therapy coverage on HIV incidence in Kenyan female sex workers.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- HIV incidence among women engaging in sex work in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Global health · 2024Pooled it
- Declining HIV incidence in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis of empiric data.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2021Pooled it
- Recent levels and trends in HIV incidence rates among adolescent girls and young women in ten high-prevalence African countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Global health · 2019Pooled it
- Trial
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- Decline in HIV prevalence among female sex workers in Zimbabwe between 2013 and 2023.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Depletion and Dysregulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific Th1 and Th17 Cells Early After Acquisition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Bacterial Vaginosis Is Associated With Transcriptomic Changes but Not Higher Concentrations of Cervical Leukocytes in a Study of Women at High Risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Acquisition.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Intimate partner sexual violence is associated with unhealthy alcohol use among Kenyan women engaged in sex work.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2025Article
- Sexual Violence, Genital Cytokines, and Colposcopy Findings: A Cross-Sectional Study of Women Engaged in Sex Work in Mombasa, Kenya.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2025Article
- HIV incidence among women engaging in sex work in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2023Article
- The Development and Validation of Multi-dimensional Resilience Scale for People Living with HIV in China.AIDS and behavior · 2023Article
- Derivation of an HIV Risk Score for African Women Who Engage in Sex Work.AIDS and behavior · 2021Article
- Brief Report: Incidence and Correlates of Pregnancy in HIV-Positive Kenyan Sex Workers.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2020Article
- Associations between vaginal bacteria implicated in HIV acquisition risk and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines.Sexually transmitted infections · 2020Article
- Specific Vaginal Bacteria Are Associated With an Increased Risk of Trichomonas vaginalis Acquisition in Women.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2019Article
- A Prospective Cohort Study of the Association Between Body Mass Index and Incident Bacterial Vaginosis.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2019Article
- Patterns of Gender-Based Violence and Associations with Mental Health and HIV Risk Behavior Among Female Sex Workers in Mombasa, Kenya: A Latent Class Analysis.AIDS and behavior · 2018Article
- Evaluation of the association between the concentrations of key vaginal bacteria and the increased risk of HIV acquisition in African women from five cohorts: a nested case-control study.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2018Article
- Impact of early antiretroviral therapy eligibility on HIV acquisition: household-level evidence from rural South Africa.AIDS (London, England) · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo test the hypothesis that increasing community antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage would be associated with lower HIV incidence in female sex workers (FSWs) in Mombasa District, Kenya.
designProspective cohort study.
methodsFrom 1998 to 2012, HIV-negative FSWs were asked to return monthly for an interview regarding risk behavior and testing for sexually transmitted infections including HIV. We evaluated the association between community ART coverage and FSW's risk of becoming HIV infected using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for potential confounding factors.
resultsOne thousand, four hundred and four FSWs contributed 4335 woman-years of follow-up, with 145 acquiring HIV infection (incidence 3.35/100 woman-years). The ART rollout began in 2003. By 2012, an estimated 52% of HIV-positive individuals were receiving treatment. Community ART coverage was inversely associated with HIV incidence (adjusted hazard ratio 0.77; 95% confidence interval 0.61-0.98; P = 0.03), suggesting that each 10% increase in coverage was associated with a 23% reduction in FSWs' risk of HIV acquisition. Community ART coverage had no impact on herpes simplex virus type-2 incidence (adjusted hazard ratio 0.97; 95% confidence interval 0.79-1.20; P = 0.8).
conclusionIncreasing general population ART coverage was associated with lower HIV incidence in FSWs. The association with HIV incidence, but not herpes simplex virus type-2 incidence, suggests that the effect of community ART coverage may be specific to HIV. Interventions such as preexposure prophylaxis and antiretroviral-containing microbicides have produced disappointing results in HIV prevention trials with FSWs. These results suggest that FSWs' risk of acquiring HIV infection might be reduced through the indirect approach of increasing ART coverage in the community.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.