Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26226984›Full record

ArticleMolecular biology and evolution2015

How Do Genomes Create Novel Phenotypes? Insights from the Loss of the Worker Caste in Ant Social Parasites.

Chris R Smith, Sara Helms Cahan, Carsten Kemena, Seán G Brady, Wei Yang, Erich Bornberg-Bauer, Ti Eriksson, Juergen Gadau, Martin Helmkampf, Dietrich Gotzek and 3 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Molecular biology and evolution, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
22citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Genome assembly of the temporary socially parasitic spiny ant Polyrhachis lamellidens and its host Camponotus japonicus.DNA research : an international journal for rapid publication of reports on genes and genomes · 2025
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Ant behaviour and brain gene expression of defending hosts depend on the ecological success of the intruding social parasite.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2019
    Article
  13. Inquiline social parasites as tools to unlock the secrets of insect sociality.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2019
    Article
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Genomes of the Hymenoptera.Current opinion in insect science · 2018
    Review
  17. Article
  18. Limited social plasticity in the socially polymorphic sweat beeBehavioral ecology and sociobiology · 2018
    Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Chris R SmithDepartment of Biology, Earlham College crsmith.ant@gmail.com alexander.mikheyev@oist.jp.
Sara Helms CahanDepartment of Biology, University of Vermont.
Carsten KemenaInstitute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Westfälische Wilhems-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
Seán G BradyDepartment of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC.
Wei YangDepartment of Computer Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
Erich Bornberg-BauerInstitute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Westfälische Wilhems-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
Ti ErikssonSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University.
Juergen GadauSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University.
Martin HelmkampfSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University.
Dietrich GotzekDepartment of Entomology, University of Georgia Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
Misato Okamoto MiyakawaEcology and Evolution Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Okinawa, Japan.
Andrew V SuarezDepartment of Animal Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Department of Entomology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
Alexander MikheyevEcology and Evolution Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Okinawa, Japan crsmith.ant@gmail.com alexander.mikheyev@oist.jp.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

A central goal of biology is to uncover the genetic basis for the origin of new phenotypes. A particularly effective approach is to examine the genomic architecture of species that have secondarily lost a phenotype with respect to their close relatives. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, queens and workers have divergent phenotypes that may be produced via either expression of alternative sets of caste-specific genes and pathways or differences in expression patterns of a shared set of multifunctional genes. To distinguish between these two hypotheses, we investigated how secondary loss of the worker phenotype in workerless ant social parasites impacted genome evolution across two independent origins of social parasitism in the ant genera Pogonomyrmex and Vollenhovia. We sequenced the genomes of three social parasites and their most-closely related eusocial host species and compared gene losses in social parasites with gene expression differences between host queens and workers. Virtually all annotated genes were expressed to some degree in both castes of the host, with most shifting in queen-worker bias across developmental stages. As a result, despite >1 My of divergence from the last common ancestor that had workers, the social parasites showed strikingly little evidence of gene loss, damaging mutations, or shifts in selection regime resulting from loss of the worker caste. This suggests that regulatory changes within a multifunctional genome, rather than sequence differences, have played a predominant role in the evolution of social parasitism, and perhaps also in the many gains and losses of phenotypes in the social insects.

Indexed as

Social BehaviorAnimalsAntsBehavior, AnimalBiological EvolutionFemaleGene Expression ProfilingGenes, InsectGenetic Association StudiesGenome ComponentsMaleReproductionSelection, GeneticTranscriptomeantcastegenomephenotypic plasticitysocial parasite

Identifiers

PMID26226984
PMCPMC4651238

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.