ArticleProceedings. Biological sciences2015
Costs of CRISPR-Cas-mediated resistance in Streptococcus thermophilus.
Article in Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 141 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mechanisms of Resistance, Insights From Case Reports, and Future Prospects in Mycobacteriophage Therapy.Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand · 2026Review
- Molecular kinetics dictate population dynamics in CRISPR-based plasmid defense.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Phages and quorum sensing: findings to consider in phage therapy.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Review
- LysR-type regulator LrhA promotes CRISPR-Cas immunity in Escherichia coli.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Prokaryotic Molecular Defense Mechanisms and Their Potential Applications in Cancer Biology: A Special Consideration for Cyanobacterial Systems.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- The stress of carrying CRISPR-Cas.Virulence · 2025Article
- Engineering broad-spectrum phage-resistantApplied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Phage provoke growth delays and SOS response induction despite CRISPR-Cas protection.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Strengthening phage resistance of Streptococcus thermophilus by leveraging complementary defense systems.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The Arms Race Between Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Its Genetic Environment: A Comprehensive Analysis of Its Defensome and Mobile Genetic Elements.Molecular microbiology · 2025Article
- Oxidative stress elicited by phage infection induces Staphylococcal type III-A CRISPR-Cas system.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- A type III-associated Cas6 functions as a negative regulator of type I-B CRISPR-Cas system in Thermus thermophilus.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Quorum sensing inhibits phage infection by regulating biofilm formation ofJournal of virology · 2025Article
- Ecological drivers of CRISPR immune systems.mSystems · 2024Article
- Article
- Evolution of the CRISPR-Cas9 defence system inMicrobial genomics · 2024Article
- Bacterial defense and phage counterdefense lead to coexistence in a modeled ecosystem.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- A dynamic subpopulation of CRISPR-Cas overexpressers allows Streptococcus pyogenes to rapidly respond to phage.Nature microbiology · 2024Article
- Anti-CRISPR proteins trigger a burst of CRISPR-Cas9 expression that enhances phage defense.Cell reports · 2024Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas is a form of adaptive sequence-specific immunity in microbes. This system offers unique opportunities for the study of coevolution between bacteria and their viral pathogens, bacteriophages. A full understanding of the coevolutionary dynamics of CRISPR-Cas requires knowing the magnitude of the cost of resisting infection. Here, using the gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus and its associated virulent phage 2972, a well-established model system harbouring at least two type II functional CRISPR-Cas systems, we obtained different fitness measures based on growth assays in isolation or in pairwise competition. We measured the fitness cost associated with different components of this adaptive immune system: the cost of Cas protein expression, the constitutive cost of increasing immune memory through additional spacers, and the conditional costs of immunity during phage exposure. We found that Cas protein expression is particularly costly, as Cas-deficient mutants achieved higher competitive abilities than the wild-type strain with functional Cas proteins. Increasing immune memory by acquiring up to four phage-derived spacers was not associated with fitness costs. In addition, the activation of the CRISPR-Cas system during phage exposure induces significant but small fitness costs. Together these results suggest that the costs of the CRISPR-Cas system arise mainly due to the maintenance of the defence system. We discuss the implications of these results for the evolution of CRISPR-Cas-mediated immunity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.