ReviewThorax2015
Which individuals are at increased risk of pneumococcal disease and why? Impact of COPD, asthma, smoking, diabetes, and/or chronic heart disease on community-acquired pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease.
Review in Thorax, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 179 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
179 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 330 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diabetes as a risk factor for pneumococcal disease and severe related outcomes and efficacy/effectiveness of vaccination in diabetic population. Results from meta-analysis of observational studies.Acta diabetologica · 2024Pooled it
- Pneumococcal Vaccine for Adults Aged ≥19 Years: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2023.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2023Guideline
- Analysing pneumococcal invasiveness using Bayesian models of pathogen progression rates.PLoS computational biology · 2022Pooled it
- Circulating neutrophils levels are a predictor of pneumonia risk in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Respiratory research · 2019Pooled it
- A systematic review of the burden of vaccine preventable pneumococcal disease in UK adults.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2016Pooled it
- Phase 3 trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of V114, a 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, followed by 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine 6 months later, in at-risk adults 18-49 years of age (PNEU-DAY): A subgroup analysis by baseline risk factors.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Trial
- Immunogenicity of a 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in adults 18 to 64 years old with medical conditions and other factors that increase risk of pneumococcal disease.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of a single dose 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in Russian subjects.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2016Trial
- Incidence of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in US Children by Risk Group, 1998-2023.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2026Article
- Comparing Pneumonia Risks of Budesonide with Fluticasone Among Patients with Asthma in Hong Kong: A Territory-Wide Retrospective Study.Advances in therapy · 2026Article
- Severe invasive pneumococcal disease beyond current vaccination recommendations: implications for higher-valency vaccines.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Article
- Economic Evaluation of PCV21 Use in Populations with Increasing Serotype 4 Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in the US: An Attributable Fraction Threshold Analysis.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- Association between introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and burden of hospitalized adult pneumococcal disease in Taiwan - a retrospective database study.Epidemiology and infection · 2026Article
- Pneumonia as a predictor of diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease: a national cohort study.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2026Article
- Serotype distribution and coverage by pneumococcal vaccines in hospitalised adults with pneumococcal pneumonia in Germany.ERJ open research · 2026Article
- Analytical Characterization of Pneumococcal Vaccine Conjugates Using SEC-MALS Technique.Methods and protocols · 2026Article
- Why, Immunologically, Housing-Related Fungi and Endotoxins (and Other Chronic Pro-Inflammatory Stressors) Risk Latent Tuberculosis Reactivation, Severe Asthma, and Translocating and Invasive Infections in Indigenous Communities in Canada.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2026Review
- Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Patients With Diabetes: Narrative Review.JMIR diabetes · 2026Review
- Estimating the Health and Economic Burden of Pneumococcal Diseases Attributable to PCV21 Versus PCV20 or PPSV23 Serotypes Among Adults in Norway.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- Demographic and geographic hotspots of Alzheimer's disease and pneumonia-related mortality among older adults in the United States: a retrospective analysis.European journal of medical research · 2026Article
119 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pneumococcal disease (including community-acquired pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease) poses a burden to the community all year round, especially in those with chronic underlying conditions. Individuals with COPD, asthma or who smoke, and those with chronic heart disease or diabetes mellitus have been shown to be at increased risk of pneumococcal disease compared with those without these risk factors. These conditions, and smoking, can also adversely affect patient outcomes, including short-term and long-term mortality rates, following pneumonia. Community-acquired pneumonia, and in particular pneumococcal pneumonia, is associated with a significant economic burden, especially in those who are hospitalised, and also has an impact on a patient's quality of life. Therefore, physicians should target individuals with COPD, asthma, heart disease or diabetes mellitus, and those who smoke, for pneumococcal vaccination at the earliest opportunity at any time of the year.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.