ReviewInfection and immunity2015
Influenza and Bacterial Superinfection: Illuminating the Immunologic Mechanisms of Disease.
Review in Infection and immunity, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 175 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
175 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- GSMA: an approach to identify robust global and test Gene Signatures using Meta-Analysis.Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) · 2020Pooled it
- Trial
- Posaconazole for prevention of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill influenza patients (POSA-FLU): a randomised, open-label, proof-of-concept trial.Intensive care medicine · 2021Trial
- Inflammation induced by influenza virus impairs human innate immune control of pneumococcus.Nature immunology · 2018Trial
- Routine Troponin I Assessment Enhances Risk Stratification in Hospitalized Patients with Seasonal Influenza.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Computational identification of novel therapeutic candidates for Streptococcus pyogenes and influenza A coinfections through transcriptomic-based drug repositioning.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Disease burden associated with influenza activity at the population level.Epidemiology and infection · 2026Article
- Influenza virus and Staphylococcus aureus super-infection disrupts spatially coordinated cellular immunity in the mouse lung.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Interactions between zoonotic pathogens and infectious disease spread: Why understanding mechanisms and modelling matters more than ever.Biosafety and health · 2025Review
- Omadacycline exhibits anti-inflammatory properties and improves survival in a murine model of post-influenza MRSA pneumonia.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2025Article
- Increased Antimicrobial Consumption, Isolation Rate, and Resistance Profiles of Multi-Drug ResistantAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- (Inter)feron the Reaper: New Insights on an Old Cytokine in Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2025Article
- Molecular mechanisms of co-infections.EMBO reports · 2025Review
- Article
- To study the profile of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome presenting in emergency of a sub-Himalayan region hospital.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Bacterial Superinfections After SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia: Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns, Impact on Inflammatory Profiles, Severity Scores, and Clinical Outcomes.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The burden of nosocomial superinfections in a retrospective cohort study of critically ill COVID-19 patients.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Epidemiological Trends in Pediatric Cervical Abscess-Forming Infections.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Cigarette smoke-induced disordered microbiota aggravates the severity of influenza A virus infection.mSystems · 2024Article
115 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Seasonal influenza virus infection presents a major strain on the health care system. Influenza virus infection has pandemic potential, which was repeatedly observed during the last century. Severe disease may occur in the young, in the elderly, in those with preexisting lung disease, and in previously healthy individuals. A common cause of severe influenza pathogenesis is superinfection with bacterial pathogens, namely, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. A great deal of recent research has focused on the immune pathways involved in influenza-induced susceptibility to secondary bacterial pneumonia. Both innate and adaptive antibacterial host defenses are impaired in the context of preceding influenza virus infection. The goal of this minireview is to highlight these findings and synthesize these data into a shared central theme of pathogenesis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.